Gross Flashcards
abdominal stria
stretch marks, elastic fibers were ruptured
caput medusae
veins on belly due to HTN, obstruction of portal vein
6 causes of belly protrusion
food, fat, fluid, feces, flatus, fetus
incisions (along/across) Langer’s Lines will heal better
along
the superficial fascia: (Camper’s fatty layer/Scarpa’s membranous layer) is superficial
Camper’s
the superficial fascia: (Camper’s fatty layer/Scarpa’s membranous layer) is deep
Scarpa’s
the peritoneum consists of (one/two) membranes
one
the hepato-(gastric/duodenal) ligament contains the portal triad
duodenal
achalasia of the cardia
stenosis of lesser esophageal spincter/blockage
The gut tube is suspended from the dorsal and ventral
body walls by
mesenteries
_____ organs are only covered in peritoneum on one
surface
retroperitoneal
(primarily/secondarily) retroperitoneal organs: develop and remain
outside of the parietal peritoneum (e.g. esophagus,
rectum and kidneys)
primarily
_____ _____ organs are initially
intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentary, but through
the course of embryogenesis they the course of embryogenesis they become
retroperitoneal, with their mesentery fusing with the
posterior abdominal wall (e.g. ascending and
descending colon)
secondarily
The foregut just posterior to the pharynx is partitioned
into the ____ and ____
trachea and esophagus
Malformation of the tracheoesophageal septum may
lead to ____ or ____
esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula
most cases of esophageal atresia are with (double fistula/distal fistula/proximal fistula/isolated fistula)
distal fistula (86% of cases)
The caudal end of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut
form the______
duodenum
Duodenal _____ occur if canalization
of the duodenum fails
stenosis or atresia
Imaging detects duodenal atresia as a
double bubble sign
which organ develops from the cystic diverticulum
gallbladder
two lobes of a bilobed ventral
pancreatic bud migrate in opposite directions around
the duodenum to fuse with the dorsal bud (forms a ring)
Annular pancreas
consequence of annular pancreas
constricts or obstructs the duodenum
spleen derives from which germ layer
mesoderm
spleen develops in (ventral/dorsal) mesentery
dorsal
The hepatic diverticulum (liver) and cystic diverticulum (gallbladder)
grow from the (dorsal/ventral) side of the duodenum.
ventral
The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds that fuse (before/after) gut rotation
after
During the 5th week of development the stomach rotates 90o around
its _____ axis
craniocaudal
the midgut is suspended from the (dorsal/ventral) mesentery
dorsal
Rapid elongation of the midgut and mesentery
results in the ____
primary intestinal loop
due to spatial constraints, the
primary intestinal loop
protrudes into the
umbilicus
physiological umbilical herniation
Reversed rotation of the gut is due to a (clockwise/counterclockwise) 180degree rotation as it retracts
clockwise
Midgut rotation defects can result in twisting of
the intestine known as
volvulus
consequences of volvulus
obstruction, compromised blood flow
a persistent remnant of the
vitelline duct projecting from the ileum
Meckel’s diverticulum
consequences of Meckel’s diverticulum
usually asymptomatic
(umbilical hernia/omphalocele): covered by skin
umbilical hernia
a protrusion of bowel through the umbilical ring covered by a thin membrane that may
rupture
omphalocele
the protrusion of the bowel
lateral to the umbilical ring with no covering
gastroschisis
While outside the abdominal cavity, the intestine undergoes a 90o (clockwise/counterclockwise rotation)
counterclockwise
The cloaca is partitioned into the anorectal canal and
the urogenital sinus by the
urorectal septum
The cloacal membrane ruptures and the tip of the
urorectal septum forms the
_____
perineum
Defects in formation of the cloaca or urorectal septum can
result in a ____ or ____ fistula
rectourethral or rectovaginal
____ or ____ occurs if the
cloacal membrane fails to breakdown properly
Imperforate anus or anal stenosis
the three constrictor muscles are supplied by what nerves
from pharyngeal plexus
role of three constrictor muscles
decrease lumen of pharynx
role of three longitudinal muscles
elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing and phonation
innervation of three longitudinal muscles of pharynx
pharyngeal plexus, except stylopharyngeus muscle–CN IX
where are adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) located relative to Eustachian tube
posterior and superior to opening of Eustachian tube
three problems if adenoids are enlarged
infection, impair hearing, block air passage
where is the oropharynx
beneath soft palate and anterior to epiglottis
two important landmarks for tonsillectomy
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
post op problems for tonsillectomy
bleeding from damage to ascending pharyngeal and facial arteries
edema in region of tonsillectomy may impinge on which nerve
CN IX
damage to CN IX causes what symptom
loss of taste
something stuck in pririform recess would impinge on which nerves
internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves
five soft palate muscles
levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, musuclus uvulae
innervation of muscles in soft palate
pharyngeal plexus (vagus), except tensor veli–V3
what group of muscles controls descent of the larynx during the third stage of swallowing
infrahyoids
component fibers present in branch of glossopharyngeal nerve found in tonsillar bed
somatic motor to stylopharyngeus muscle, general sensory from mucosa of pharynx/tonsils/soft palate and posterior 1/3 of tongue, special sensory post 1/3 tongue
component fibers present in branch of glossopharyngeal nerve found in tympanic branch
general sensory-mucosa of tympanic cavity, auditory tube, mastoid air cells
lesser petrosal nerve–pregang parasymp to otic ganglion
which CN’s must be intact for swallowing
V3, 7, 9, 10, 12
