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Unit 7 > Physio Main Ideas > Flashcards

Physio Main Ideas Flashcards

1
Q

autoimmune, attacks salivary and lacrimal glands

A

sjogren syndrome

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2
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth

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3
Q

as saliva rate increases, which ion concentration increases

A

chloride

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4
Q

(SNS/PNS) drives salivation

A

mainly PNS

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5
Q

pepsinogen becomes active at (low/high) pH

A

low pH

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6
Q

____ ____ can result from chronic use of NSAIDs, which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the stomach which is supposed to stimulate secretion of mucous and HCO3-

A

erosive gastritis

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7
Q

alkaline tide controlled by which cells

A

parietal cells–push base into blood

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8
Q

enzyme involved in alkaline tide

A

carbonic anhydrase

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9
Q

prolonged _____ causes dehydration, alkalosis, and hypokalemia (low K)

A

vomiting

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10
Q

stimulators of HCl secretion by parietal cell (three)

A

vagus-ACh, gastrin, histamine

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11
Q

why does an H2 receptor blocker prevent ulcer formation

A

prevents histamine from stimulating acid secretion by parietal cells

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12
Q

why does atropine prevent ulcer formation

A

prevents ACh from vagus stimulation from stimulating acid secretion by parietal cells

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13
Q

why does omeprazole/proton pump inhibitor prevent ulcer formation

A

prevents final common pathway in HCl release by parietal cell

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14
Q

low pH in stomach (inhibits/stimulates) somatostatin production

A

stimulates

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15
Q

which nerve mediates the cephalic phase of digestion

A

vagus

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16
Q

myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus is (between circular muscle and submucosa/between longitudinal muscle and circular muscle) layers

A

between longitudinal muscle and circular muscle

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17
Q

Auerbach’s plexus controls (secretions/contractions) of gut

A

contractions (meyenteric=motor)

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18
Q

submucosal/Meissner’s plexus is (between circular muscle and submucosa/between longitudinal muscle and circular muscle) layers

A

between circular muscle and submucosa

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19
Q

Meissner’s plexus controls (secretions/contractions)

A

secretions (submucosal=secretions)

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20
Q

gut go signal: (ACh/Norepi and epi)

A

ACh

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21
Q

gut stop signal: (ACh/Norepi and epi)

A

Norepi and epi

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22
Q

pacemaker cells in the gut

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

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23
Q

contractions that maintain a constant tone of the gut without regular periods of relaxation

A

tonic contractions

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24
Q

APs in the gut are stimulated by (three things)

A

stretch, ACh release, parasympathetics

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25
Q

myenteric reflex

A

peristalsis

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26
Q

NO causes what in the gut

A

relaxation of vessels supplying circular muscle

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27
Q

contraction of circular muscles controlled by ACh and _____

A

Substance P

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28
Q

absence of motility in small and large intestine

A

physiological ileus

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29
Q

extra long periods of no motility in the gut, common after abdominal surgery or opiate drug treatment

A

pathological (paralytic) ileus

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30
Q

function of MMC

A

periodic sweep to remove junk

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31
Q

disorders of swallowing occur with damage to which three CNs

A

V, IX, X

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32
Q

three ways to get disorders of swallowing

A

infection, CN damage, anesthesia

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33
Q

receptive relaxation occurs in the (proximal/distal) stomach with each bolus of food

A

proximal

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34
Q

high fat meals: (faster/slower) gastric emptying

A

slower

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35
Q

clinical correlation: lower esophageal sphincter can’t relax

A

Achalasia–necrosis of esoph mucosa, too tight

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36
Q

clinical correlation: lower esophageal sphincter tone is not maintained, too loose

A

GERD–esoph is not protected from acid of stomach

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37
Q

clinical correlation: pancreatic cancer that results in watery diarrhea

A

VIPoma (VIP is an NT that doesn’t do much except when there is a tumor)

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38
Q

clinical correlation: cause of fatty stool

A

Cystic Fibrosis–Cl- channel defect

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39
Q

secreted fluid from the pancreas is (high/low) in HCO3- at fast rates of secretion

A

high

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40
Q

type of receptor on acinar and duct cells

A

M3 muscarinic cholinergic

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41
Q

clinical correlation: a blocked sphincter of Oddi could cause

A

pancreatitis

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42
Q

bile salt reabsorption is a way to reduce _____

A

cholesterol

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43
Q

patients who get their terminal ileums removed cannot use the terminal ileum to reabsorb ____

A

bile salts

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44
Q

clinical correlation: gall stones precipitate when which three things get out of whack

A

cholesterol, bile salts, lecithin

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45
Q

alpha cells are in the (center/periphery) of the islet of Langerhans

A

periphery

46
Q

beta cells are in the (center/periphery) of the islet of Langerhans

A

center

47
Q

blood flow in the islet of Langerhans is from the (outside in/inside out)

A

inside out, so insulin can inhibit glucagon secretion

48
Q

which transporter brings glucose into muscle and fat cells

A

GLUT4

49
Q

glucagonoma causes (hyper/hypo) glycemia

A

hyperglycemia

50
Q

insulinemia caused by over treatment has (high/normal) levels of C peptide

A

normal

51
Q

insulinemia caused by insulinoma has (high/normal) levels of C peptide

A

high

52
Q

insulinemia causes (hyper/hypo) glycemia

A

hypoglycemia

53
Q

lesion of lateralhypothalamic area causes (aphagia/hyperphagia)

A

aphagia

54
Q

lesion of ventromedial nucleus causes (aphagia/hyperphagia)

A

hyperphagia

55
Q

leptin and leptin receptor mutations cause ____ in humans and mice

A

obesity

56
Q

clinical correlation: how much of the SI can be removed without compromising absorptive function

A

half

57
Q

clinical correlation: autoimmune, reduces # of villi, SA of SI goes down

A

celiac sprue

58
Q

clinical correlation: reduces # villi, diarrhea, malabsorp, caused by infection

A

tropical sprue

59
Q

clinical correlation: why does radiation therapy make you nauseous

A

kills rapidly dividing cells first, intestinal cells have quick turnover

60
Q

clinical correlation: pernicious macrocytic anemia

A

Vit B12 def, can’t absorb in terminal ileum

61
Q

vipoma increases ____ in the crypt cell of the jejunum, opens the CFTR channel, leads to excess Cl- secretion into lumen, water follows

A

cAMP

62
Q

cholera toxin increases cAMP in the crypt cell of the jejunum and causes:

A

watery diarrhea–CFTR channel, Cl- flows into lumen, water follows, horrible dehydration

63
Q

how does oral rehydration work for cholera

A

give Na/glucose/water solution so Na will enter cell with the sugar and cause restoration of water balance

64
Q

we can only absorb iron in which form

A

Ferrous Fe2+

65
Q

clinical correlation: too much iron absorption, iron is deposited where it doesn’t belong

A

congenital hemochromatosis

66
Q

how is iron reduced from ferric to ferrous so we can absorb it

A

by acid in the stomach

67
Q

role of transferrin

A

transports iron in blood

68
Q

most efficient way for iron to be absorbed: (heme/non heme)

A

heme (source: red meat)

69
Q

non heme iron is absorbed via cotransport with a ____

A

proton

70
Q

clinical correlation: system B apical membrane aa transporter is defective, neutral aa absorption is limited, also in kidney

A

Hartnup disease

71
Q

clinical correlation: which aa’s are not absorbed in Hartnup disease

A

Phe

72
Q

clinical correlation: excessive amounts of which aa is excreted in the urine in Hartnup disease, and what is that aa a precursor of

A

Trp–serotonin, melatonin, niacin

73
Q

clinical correlation: system B0+ apical membrane aa transporter is defective, L-cysteine and basic aa absorption is reduced, kidney stones

A

cystinuria

74
Q

(GLUT5/SGLT1) how glucose and galactose enter enterocyte

A

SGLT1

75
Q

(GLUT5/SGLT1) how fructose enters enterocyte

A

GLUT5

76
Q

(GLUT5/SGLT1) Na+ dependent, so monosaccharides absorbed can be concentrated inside enterocyte

A

SGLT1

77
Q

(GLUT5/SGLT1) Na+ independent, so monosaccharides absorbed cannot be concentrated inside enterocyte

A

GLUT5

78
Q

in lactase def, colonic bacteria metabolize the lactose resulting in higher __ excretion

A

H2 (exhaled)

79
Q

SGLT1 def is very (rare/common)

A

rare

80
Q

treatment of SGLT1 def

A

fructose is only sugar in diet

81
Q

fat digestion occurs mostly in the (duodenum/jejunum/ileum)

A

jejunum

82
Q

which organelle in the enterocyte is responsible for reesterification of fats

A

SER

83
Q

apoprotein ___ essential for formation of chylomicrons

A

B48

84
Q

automatic, uninhibited, spastic neurogenic bladder: (LMN/UMN) problem

A

UMN

85
Q

clinical correlation: causes distended bladder with overflow incontinence and dribbling and predisposition to infection

A

LMN neurogenic bladder

86
Q

autonomous, motor, sensory neurogenic bladder: (LMN/UMN) damage

A

LMN

87
Q

clinical correlation: common in older men, frequent urination, dribbling, weak stream, urgency

A

enlargement of prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy

88
Q

fiber (increases/decreases) movement through colon

A

increases (avoid constipation)

89
Q

(excess/deficient) motility in colon causes less absorption and diarrhea/loose feces

A

excess

90
Q

(osmotic/secretory) diarrhea: results from non-absorbable solutes in lumen (lactase def)

A

osmotic

91
Q

(osmotic/secretory) diarrhea: results from excessive secretion of fluids by crypt cells due to bacterial overgrowth

A

secretory

92
Q

the _______ prevents backflow from colon to ileum, emptying is regulated by stretch, chyme

A

ileocecal sphincter

93
Q

clinical correlation: gastric pain followed by vomiting, fever, left untreated= ischemia and tissue necrosis can lead to peritonitis, septicemia, death

A

appendicitis

94
Q

colon (absorbs/secretes) Na and Cl

A

absorbs (also water)

95
Q

colon (absorbs/secretes) K and HCO3

A

secretes

96
Q

the key determinant of water reabsorption in the color is the rate of __ (ion) absorption

A

Na

97
Q

exchangers for __ (ion) absorption and __(ion) secretion are prominent in the proximal colon: major means of salt and water reabsorption in colon

A

Na/HCO3 exchangers

98
Q

aldosterone (increases/decreases) number of epithelial Na channels in colon

A

increases

99
Q

how is Na extruded from epithelial cell of colon into the blood

A

Na/K/ATPase

100
Q

clinical correlation: individuals with ulcerative colitis have (fewer/persistent) mass movements in the colon

A

persistent–due to irritation in the colon

101
Q

clinical correlation: a segment of the colon is permanently contracted and results in obstruction

A

Hirschprung’s disease/megacolon

102
Q

clinical correlation: ____ results from a lack of ENS in distal part of GI tract (aganglionosis)

A

Hirschprung’s

103
Q

clinical correlation: treatment for Hirschprung’s

A

remove aganglionic segment

104
Q

___ is an important signal of bowel activity, and is often documented after surgery

A

flatulence

105
Q

bacteria comprise __% of dry weight of feces

A

10%

106
Q

clinical correlation: common GI disorder, crampy pain, bloating, gassiness

A

IBS

107
Q

clinical correlation: treatment of symptoms for IBS diarrhea predominant cases

A

opioids and serotonin receptor antagonists

108
Q

clinical correlation: treatment of symptoms for IBS constipation predominant cases

A

serotonin agonists, soluble fiber

109
Q

stand up&raquo_space; mass movement

A

orthocolic reflex

110
Q

eat big meal&raquo_space; mass movement

A

gastrocolic/duodenocolic reflex

111
Q

myenteric reflex in colon

A

increases peristalsis wen rectum distends, relax internal sphincter

Unit 7 (7 decks)

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