Physio Module 8 Flashcards
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are examples of which of these types of intercellular chemical signals? A) autocrine chemical signals B) pheromones C)paracrine chemical signals D)hormones E) neurotransmitters
E
Name the intercellular chemical signal that is released by cells and has a local effect on the same cell type as that from which the chemical signal is released. A) autocrine chemical signal B) pheromone C)paracrine chemical signal D)hormone E) neurotransmitter
A
The ff stimulates aldosterone secretion except A. Hyperkalemia B. ACTH C. ANP D. Angiotensin II
C. Inhibits
Secondary messenger of TRH A. cAMP B. IP3/ DAG C. cGMP D. Tyrosine kinase
B
Stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during exercise results in secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood; when exercise ends, the amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood decreases rapidly. This is an example of
A) acute hormone regulation.
B) chronic hormone regulation.
C)cyclic hormone regulation.
A
Which of the ff hormone can stimulate secretion of testosterone A. LH B. FSH C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin
A.
FSH for spermatogenesis
Given these events:
- acetylcholine is released
- action potentials travel through parasympathetic neurons
- insulin is secreted
- pancreatic cells depolarize
Arrange these events in the correct order after parasympathetic neurons are stimulated. A) 1,2,3,4 B) 2,4,3,1 C)2,1,4,3 D)3,2,1,4 E) 4,2,3,1
C
The monthly change in secretion of reproductive hormones that occurs in women during their reproductive years is an example of
A) acute hormone regulation.
B) chronic hormone regulation.
C)cyclic hormone regulation.
C
Which of these is an example of positive-feedback regulation in the endocrine system?
A) an increase in blood glucose causes an increase in insulin secretion; insulin moves glucose into cells
B) an increase in TSH causes an increase in thyroid hormone secretion; thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion
C)before ovulation, an increase in LH causes an increase in estrogen, which causes an increase in LH
D)an increase in TRH causes an increase in TSH secretion; thyroid hormone inhibits TRH secretion
E) an increase in blood calcium causes an increase in calcitonin secretion; calcitonin moves calcium into the blood.
C
Hormones that bind to plasma proteins
A) bind reversibly.
B) establish an equilibrium between free hormones and bound hormones.
C)must be free hormones to diffuse through the capillary walls.
D)usually bind only to specific types of plasma proteins.
E) all of these
E
If there is a decrease in the specific plasma protein to which a hormone binds, A) more free hormone occurs. B) less hormone binds to target cells. C)blood levels of the hormone increase. D)all of these
A
Down-regulation occurs because
A) both hormone and receptor are taken into the cell by phagocytosis.
B) receptor molecules are degraded more quickly.
C)there is a decrease in the rate of receptor synthesis.
D)all of these
D
Because of the down-regulation of GnRH
A) the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is increased.
B) the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is unchanged.
C) the number of receptors for GnRH on the pituitary gland is decreased.
C
Up-regulation
A) is responsible for periodic decreases in sensitivity of some tissues to certain hormones.
B) is responsible for the increase of LH receptors in ovarian tissue.
C) occurs when one hormone decreases the sensitivity of a tissue to a second hormone.
D) all of these
B
Given these events:
- activities of the cell are altered
- G protein subunits separate
- GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit
List them in the correct order as they occur after a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor. A) 1,2,3 B) 1,3,2 C)2,1,3 D)2,3,1 E) 3,1,2
D
Phosphodiesterase A) converts GDP to GTP. B) opens Na+ ion channels. C)opens Cl- ion channels. D)breaks down cAMP to AMP. E) separates the alpha subunit from the others.
D
Given these events:
- alpha subunit attaches to GTP
- alpha subunit combines with Ca2+ ion channel
- Ca2+ ions diffuse into cell
- epinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptor
- G protein subunits separate
Arrange them in the correct order after epinephrine binds to a beta-adrenergic receptor on the heart. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 2,4,3,1,5 C)3,5,2,1,4 D)4,5,1,2,3 E) 5,1,2,3,4
D
When there is hypocalcemia, this is the source of calcium that is readily available A. Amorphous calcium in bones B. calcium in hydroxyapatite in bones C. Calcium in muscle D. Calcium in the kidneys
A
Hormones from the hypothalamus is transported to the ant. Pituitary gland via
A. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal portal system
B. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal tract
C. Both
D. Nota
A
Given these events:
- enzyme on receptor is activated
- enzyme activity in cell is altered
- insulin binds to membrane-bound receptor
- phosphate groups are attached to specific intracellular proteins
Arrange the events in the correct order as insulin influences intracellular activity. A) 1,2,3,4 B) 2,1,4,3 C)3,1,4,2 D)3,4,1,2 E) 4,3,2,1
C
Given these events:
- protein is synthesized
- mRNA is synthesized
- aldosterone binds to aldosterone receptor in the cytoplasm
- aldosterone-receptor complex moves into the nucleus
- mRNA leaves the nucleus
Choose the correct sequence of events that occur after aldosterone diffuses through the plasma membrane of a target cell. A) 1,2,3,4,5 B) 2,4,1,3,5 C)3,4,2,5,1 D)4,3,2,5,1 E) 5,1,3,4,2
C
A new mother is given a dopamine antagonist, which of the ff will be its effect
A. She will promote ovulation during sexual intercourse
B. She will produce more milk
C. She will die
D. She will develop hyper pigmentation of the skin
A.
Prolactin inhibitor
Which part of the insulin receptor activates G proteins A. alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. Delta
B
Alpha- where hormone binds
PTH will increase the ff except A. Calcium reabsorption B. Phosphate reabsorption C. Bone resorption D. vitamin d metabolites
B.
Hormones from the hypothalamus is transported to the post Pituitary gland via
A. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal portal system
B. Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal tract
C. Both
D. Nota
B. Axoplasmic flow
What stimulates prolactin secretion A. GHRH B. GnRH C. TRH D. POMC
C
In the "second messenger" theory, which is the first messenger? A) cAMP B) hormone C)enzyme D)receptor
C
Hormone released during stressful conditions A. TSH B. ACTH C. Oxytocin D. FSH
B
Insulin will induce the ff metabolic pathway except A. Gluconeogenesis B. Glycolysis C. Fatty acid synthesis D. Glycogenesis
A.
A patient is high dose cortisol therapy, what advice will you give him
A. Refrain from eating bananas
B. Refrain from having too much sun exposure
C. Take it after meals
D. Don’t take vitamins because the drug will enhance your immune system
C. To reduce GI upset
Type of iodine needed for thyroid hormone synthesis A. Iodide B. Iodine C. Reduced iodine D. Radioisotope iodine
B
Calcium regulation is primarily maintained by A. TSH B. Calcitonin C. PTH D. ACTH
C
The ff are effects of TSH A. Increase size of iodine B. Increase retinoid x receptor C. Increase proteolysis of thyroglobulin D. Increase iodine
C. Most important effect of TSH
Glucagon will
A. Increase insulin secretion
B. Decrease insulin secretion
C. No effect on insulin secretion
A
A patient gas a non secreting tumor on his hypothalamus, you expect him to have A. Low TSH, high TRH B. High t4, low TRH C. Low t4, high TSH D. Low TSH, low t4
D
A 25 year old man still continues to grow. He may have A. Dwarfism B. gigantism C. Acromegaly D. Osteomalacia
C. Acromegaly- After puberty or after closure of epiphyseal plate
Oxytocin is synthesized by A. Supra optic nuclei B. Paraventricular nuclei C. Both D. Nota
C
True or false. Iodine deficiency may cause goiter
True. Endemic goiter
Thyroglobulin has abundant number of A. Tyrosine B. Tryptophan C. Threonine D. Cysteine
A
Most dangerous side effect of hypoparathyroidism A. Paresthesia B. Chvostek's sign C. Laryngeal spasm D. headache
C. May lead to respiratory failure
Patients with liver disease will have A. Total T4 increase, free T4 increase B. Total T4 increase, free T4 decrease C. Total T4 decrease, free T4 decrease D. Total T4 decrease, free T4 increase
D
Less plasma protein.. More in free form