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Physio > Physio final lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

Physio final lecture 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ % total resting oxygen used by brain

A

20%

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2
Q

_______________% of total blood flow goes to the brain

A

15-20%

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3
Q

___________% of glucose metabolism used by brain

A

60%

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4
Q

energy division of brain use

A

~25% maintaining neurons and glial cells
~75% electrical signaling across the brains circuits

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5
Q

planned and purposeful neuronal cell death; removal of damaged or unneeded neurons

A

apoptosis

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6
Q

unplanned and uncontrolled neuronal cell death

A

necrosis

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7
Q

a natural process that occurs in the brain when the brain eliminates extra synapses

A

synaptic pruning

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8
Q

the structures in the brain that allow the neurons to transmit an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

A

synpases

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9
Q

pruning = ….

A

efficiency

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10
Q

schizophrenia is correlated with …

A

low synapses (high pruning)

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11
Q

Autism is correlated with …

A

high synapses (low pruning)

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12
Q

Frontal lobe fx

A

executive fx (emotion regulation, planning, reasoning, inhibitory control)
personality
dominant hemisphere = social conduct
*phineas Gage

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13
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

seat of planning and strategizing

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14
Q

ventromedial PFC

A

empathy, guilt

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15
Q

parietal lobe

A

integrating sensory info including…
touch
temp
pressure
pain

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16
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual processing (depth distance location)
contains the primary visual cortex

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

processing sensory information particularly important for hearing, recognizing language and forming memories
contains the primary auditory cortex

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18
Q

basal ganglia

A

part of the limbic system
controls: motor control, motor learning, executive functioning and behaviors, and emotions

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19
Q

substantia Nigra

A

produces dopamine (high concentration in the basal ganglia)
dopamine modulate the BGs fxing

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20
Q

dopamine dysfunction

A

movement disorders such as Parkinson’s, dystonia, chorea and tics

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21
Q

suppression of motor function =

A

decreased purposeful movement

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22
Q

limbic system

A

emotions, motivation, learning, memory

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23
Q

Nervous system

A

peripheral
central

24
Q

central NS

A

brain
spinal cord

25
Q

Peripheral NS

A

Autonomic NS
Somatic NS

26
Q

Autonomic NS

A

sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

27
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

made up of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

28
Q

spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves that carry sensory info INTO and motor commands OUT of the spinal cord

29
Q

Cranial nerves

A

nerve fibers that carry info into and out of brain stem

30
Q

sympathetic division of autonomic NS

A

“fight flight freeze fawn”
controls fx that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
coordinates responses to a stressor
“thoracolumbar system”
dilated pupils, inhibits salivation, accelerates heart rate

31
Q

parasympathetic division of autonomic NS

A

“rest and digest”
involved in increases in body’s supply of stored energy coordinates rest and relax response after the body has been stressed
“craniosacral system”
vagus nerve responsible for the calming following a stressful situation
constricts pupil, stimulates salivation, slows heart rate

32
Q

______ L /min blood pumped every ________

A

5
minute

33
Q

entire volume of blood supply circulates every _____

A

minute

34
Q

Intravenous administration

A

fastest and most dangerous
30-60 seconds
right into blood stream

35
Q

intraperitoneal administration

A

into stomach

36
Q

intramuscular administration

A

into muscle

37
Q

subcutaneous administration

A

into fat

38
Q

intracerebral administration

A

bypasses the BBB
into brain

39
Q

intracerebroventricular administration

A

into ventricular system to reach CSF
bypasses BBB

40
Q

oral administrations

A

sublingual - under tongue
most common
“first pass” metabolism

41
Q

intrarectal administration

A

into the rectum

42
Q

inhalation administration

A

into the lungs

43
Q

insufflation administration

A

into the nasal passages

44
Q

topical administration

A

onto skin

45
Q

distribution

A

entry of drugs into the brain
drugs exert effects only at their sites of action
mostly on or in cells of the CNS

46
Q

most important factor in determining the rate of distribution …. (and why)

A

lipid solubility
lipid soluble materials pass through BBB the most rapidly
heroin > morphine

47
Q

primary organ of excretion

A

kidney

48
Q

organ that plays active role in enzymatic deactivation

A

Liver
(and brain but to a smaller extent)

49
Q

Therapeutic index

A

a commonly used margin of safety
ED50 and TD50 provide a ratio which - therapeutic index (TD50/ED50)
quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug

50
Q

therapeutic index: effective dose 50

A

(ED50) the dose that produces the desired effects in 50% of individuals

51
Q

therapeutic index: toxic dose 50

A

(TD50) the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of individuals

52
Q

Ideal therapeutic index

A

> 10

53
Q

drugs with low TI

A

litium
carbamazepine
valproic acid
clozapine
tricyclic antidepressents

54
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that binds to the receptor to stimulate a response = increased postsynaptic effects
ex) addictive drugs (heroin, morphine) = stimulation = high

55
Q

antagonists

A

a molecule that by binding to a receptor blocks or inhibits the response = decreased postsynaptic effects
botulin poison causes paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine = wrinkles cannot form d/t the area being paralyzed

Physio (11 decks)

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