Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio > physio final final lecture > Flashcards

physio final final lecture Flashcards

1
Q

tumors

A

a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrollable and that serves no useful fx
can be malignant or benign
benign more common in women
malignant more common in men
depends on whether the tumor is encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tumors damage brain tissue by…

A

compression
infiltration
malignant can compress and infiltrate
benign tend to only compress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

primary brain tumors

A

start in CNS
most commonly seen in those under 15 and above 65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

secondary brain tumors

A

metastasize to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most common brain metastases are from….

A

lung and breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

grade 1 CNS tumor

A

low proliferative potential
possibility of cure after surgical resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

grade 4 CNS tumor

A

histological evidence of malignancy
mitotically active
prone to necrosis
associated with rapid preoperative and postoperative disease progression and fatal outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gliomas

A

most common primary brain tumor
~33%
tumor of the glial cells (astrocytes, oliogodendrocytes, etc)
astrocytoma
meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Astrocytoma

A

tumor of the astrocytes
can be low grade or high grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glioblastoma multiforme

A

grade 4 astrocytoma
most aggressive tumor form
average survival rate from dx ~ 2 years
higher incidence in white individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

meningioma

A

tumor of the meninges, usually benign and slow growing
encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

main tx for tumors

A

surgical resection - partial “debulking” or total gross
radiation - whole brain or hippocampus sparing
chemotherapy - must cross BBB, chemotherapy impregnated wafer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

seizure

A

a period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons
can be partial/focal or generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic D/O of recurrent seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

partial/focal types

A

simple partial - no major change in consciousness
complex partial - cause a loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

generalized type

A

tonic-clonic (grand mal)
absence (petit-mal)
atonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tonic clonic/grand mal seizures

A

most severe form of seizures
includes convulsions (violent uncontrollable muscle movement)
tonic phase -stiffening of muscles
clonic phase - jerking or twitching
typical stages: aura > tonic > clonic > postictal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

absence “petit-mal”

A

sudden lapse in consciousness: staring into space, eyelid fluttering, lip smacking, involuntary hand movements)
less than 15 secs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

atonic seizures

A

“drop seizures”
sudden loss of muscle control = collapse or fall
different than cataplexy in narcolepsy due to loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

challenges that come with seizures

A

50% show damage to the hippocampus
falling
drowning
car accidents - unable to drive 1 year post seizure
pregnancy complications
emotional health issues:
- most common: ADHD, anxiety and aggression
- 6-10% experience post-ictal psychosis
- epilepsy increases risk of schizophrenia by 2.5x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Seizure first aid

A

stay - stay with person until they are awake
safe - keep them safe
side - turn the person onto their side, keep airway clear, put something small and soft under head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what not to do with seizures

A

restrain
put any object in their mouth

23
Q

prion disease

A

occurs when prion protein begins folding into an abnormal 3D shape
damage = destroyed brain cells leading to rapid decline in thinking and reasoning

24
Q

Creutzfeldt-jakob disease

A

most common
“mad cow disease”
can be sporadic or familial
causes severe mental deterioration and dementia
~8 months
from eating contaminated meat

25
Q

Kuru disease

A

from eating contaminated human brain tissue
Fore people of Papa New Guinea
cannabilism of deceased loved ones
10-50 incubation period
“kuru” = trembling/laughing sickness = leads to total loss of muscle control and dysphagia

26
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

caused by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia Nigra that send axon to the basal ganglia = a deficiency of automatic, habitual motor responses

95% of cases are sporadic

27
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms

A

dystonia = rigidity = cog wheel test
bradyskinesia and slowed reaction times = falls
shuffling gait
face masking
tremors - pill rolling tremor = ~75%

28
Q

Parkinson’s tx

A

L-dopa - time limited, side effects of hallucinations and delusions
deprenyl - slows Parkinson’s progression
intentional lesioning of pathway
deep brain stimulation (75% relief so symptoms)

29
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

inherited disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia
results in:
chorea (involuntary jerking movement)
dystonia
slurred speech and swallowing difficulties

30
Q

ALS

A

degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons = brain and muscle connection loss
symptoms:
progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
eventual loss of speech, swallow with paralysis
eye movement spared
death typically caused by respiratory failure within ~24 months

31
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune demyelinating disease
scattered locations within the CNS
person’s immune attacks myelin sheaths leaving behind hard patches of debris (sclerotic plaques)
damage occurs in white matter

32
Q

MS risk factors

A

females > males
Living far from the equator
black or white race
smoking

33
Q

MS symptoms

A

fatigue
vision problems
bladder/bowel dysfunction
spasms
slowed processing speed

34
Q

meningitis (causes, symptoms, etiology)

A

inflammation of the meninges caused by viruses or bacteria
caused by: virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite
symptoms: stiff neck, headache, AMS, fever, photophobia, convulsions, LOC, death (=sometimes)
etiology: spread of middle-ear infection to the brain, head injury, embolus that has dislodged from bacterial infection in heart

IV drug use with dirty needles = increased risk

35
Q

brudzinski’s sign

A

flexion of the hips and knees in response to neck flexion

36
Q

kernig’s sign

A

resistance to extension of leg while hip is flexed

37
Q

Dementia

A

umbrella term for loss of memory and other thinking abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life; many different types

38
Q

most common dementia

A

Alzheimer’s
60-80%

39
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

most common form
abnormal shrinkage of the brain that affects every brain fx
causes significant changes in behaviors and interpersonal relationships
neuritic plaques (B amyloid) and neurofibrillary tangles (tau)
exposure to toxins TBI, infections may trigger abnormal B amyloid formation
APEO gene is involved in making a protein that helps carry cholesterol and other types of fat in the blood stream

40
Q

Dementia with Lewy bodies

A

causes tremors and stiffness (similar to Alzheimer’s)
it may be accompanied with sleeping disorders and visual hallucinations

41
Q

vascular dementia vs Alzheimer’s on testing

A

vascular dementia -
impairment in: semantic memory, visuo-spatial/perceptual skills, slowed processing speed, with cuing/recognition paradigm can recall information

Alzheimer’s Dementia -
impairments in: episodic memory, language, cuing/recognition does not help

42
Q

Frontotemporal Dementia (and types)

A

umbrella term for a group of brain disease
accumulation of tau protein in front part of brain = overwhelm the brain and cause tissue death
3 types:
behavioral variant (most common) changes in personality and behaviors (lack of empathy/interest, increased inappropriate social bx, changes in eating bx/desire to eat inedible foods)

primary progressive aphasia: communication progressively gets worse

Movement disorders

43
Q

vascular dementia

A

associated with brain damage d/t ischemic injury or anoxia
risk factors same as stroke
“mini strokes” = lacunary infarcts
accumulation over time = dementia symptoms

44
Q

Schizophrenia “split mind”

A

mutation in 21 of the 23 chromosomes
10x risk of African and Caribbean migrants
men > women
older paternal age
minor physical anomalies (high steepled palate, webbing between toes, wide or narrow eyes)

45
Q

extrapyramidal

A

impairment in motor fx NOT related to the pyramids

46
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

when your face/mouth make sudden uncontrollable movement

symptoms irreversible but Vitamin E can prevent further deterioration

47
Q

Anti-cholinergic

A

dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, constipation

48
Q

akathisia

A

subjective unpleasant feelings of restlessness

49
Q

treatment resistant?

A

failing of at least 2 antipsychotic medication trials = clozapine

requires blood tests every 18 weeks d/t high risk of neutropenia

50
Q

Depression

A

heritability: families of persons with affective disorders are 10x more likely to develop MDD or BMD

Neuropathology: hedonic tone/responsiveness = traits or genetic predisposition underlying one’s baseline range and lifelong ability to feel pleasure

disfx of mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway

loss of 40-90% of glial cells

LOW hedonic tone = increased risk of anhedonia, depression and dysthymia (seen in MDD and ADHD)

hippocampal neurogenesis: explains 3-6 week lag in tx response time

51
Q

brain differences in GAD

A

reduced connections between amygdala and PFC
activation of the VMPFC does not result in reduction of amygdala activation
lowered GABA presence in amygdala

52
Q

brain differences in social anxiety

A

disproportionate activation of amygdala when viewing negative expressions and neutral ones

53
Q

brain differences during panic attack

A

increased activation of amygdala and preaqueductal gray

cam be induced by the breathing of CO2 and injection of lactic acid

54
Q

Anxious apprehension vs Anxious arousal

A

anxious app: increased activation in left frontal lobe (Brocas)

anxious arousal = increased activation in right temporal lobe (increased sensitivity to environmental sounds and noises)

Physio (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions