Physio Exam 3 Chapter 9 Flashcards
Innervates organs whose functions are not usually under voluntary control?
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Effectors include cardiac/smooth muscles and glands, effectors are part of viseral organs and blood vessels, what part of the nervous system is this?
Autonomic nervous system
In the efferent pathway the 1st neuron has its cell body in the ____ matter of the brain or _______? This is called a _______ neuron
gray, spinal cord, preganglionic neuron
The 1st neuron (preganglionic) synapses with an autonomic ganglion also called a _______ neuron?
postganglionic
Does an autonomic ganglion axon extend to synapse with its targeted tissue? Yes or No
yes
These fibers originate in the midbrain, hindbrain, upper thoracic and 4th sacral levels of the spinal cord
preganglionic autonomic fibers
Presynaptic neuron is unmyelinated? yes or no?
NO, myelinated
Postsynaptic neuron is unmyelinated? yes or no
yes
Autonomic nerves release _____ that may be simulatory or inhibitory
NT
Smooth muscles maintain resting tone in absence of _______ stimulation? Cardiac muscle can also contract rhythmically in absence of this as well
nerve stimulation (remember this is part of the ANS!)
Damage to autonomic nerve makes its target tissue more sensitive than normal to stimulating agents, this is called?
denervation hypersensitivity
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic both have ________ and ________ neurons that originate in the CNS and outside of the CNS in ganglia?
Preganglionic (In CNS) and Postganglionic (Outside of CNS in ganglia)
Myelinated _______ fibers exit spinal cord in ventral roots T1 to L2
preganglionic
Preganglionic fibers branch to synapse with # of postganglionic neurons, this is called?
divergence
Postganglionic neurons receives synaptic input from large # of preganglionic fibers, this is called?
convergence
Within paravertebral ganglia, most sympathetic nerve fibers separate from somatic motor fibers and synapse with________ neurons?
postganglionic
divergence and convergence cause the SNS to be activated as a unit, this is called?
mass activation
Adrenal medulla secretes _______ and _______ when stimulated by the SNS
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Its cells are derived from the same embryonic tissue that forms postganglionic sympathetic neurons
modified sympathetic ganglia
This system is simulated by mass activation of the sympathetic nervous system and innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?
sympathoadrenal system
most parasympathetic fibers do not travel within spinal nerves? true or false
true
Do parasympathetic fibers innervate blood vessels, sweat glands or arrector pili muscles?
NO
4 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, what are they?
3, 7, 9 and 10
Cranial nerves III, VII and IX synapse in ganglia located in the____?
head
This cranial nerve___ synapses in terminal ganglia located in widespread regions of the body? (Parasympathetic)
X or Vagus nerve
This nerve innervated the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, SI, and upper half of large intestine
Cranial nerve X or Vagus nerve
preganglionic fibers from the _____ level innervate the lower half of the large intestine, rectum, urinary and reproductive system
sacral
This system is fight or flight response? IT releases ____ from postganglionic fibers and _______ from adrenal medulla? Mass activation of this system prepares for intense activity, HR increase, bronchioles dilate and blood glucose increases .
sympathetic system, norepinephrine, epinephrine
This system is not activated as a whole ______. It releases ACh as a _____ and acts as relaxing effects, decreasing HR, dilates visceral blood vessels and increases digestive activity.
parasympathetic system, NT
Cholinergic is related to what NT?
ACh
What NT is released by most postganglionic parasympathetic fibers at synapse with effector?
ACh (PARA) dont get confused with SYM
Axons of postganglionic neurons have numerous _____ along the axon that contain NT.
varicosities
What NT is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
NE (dont get confused with PARA)
Adrenergic is related to what NT?
NE and Epi
What are the catecholamines?
Epi, NE and dopamine
_____ is released by the adrenal medulla and is synthesized from the same precursor as NE
Epi
There receptors produce their effect by stimulating production of cAMP and using NE to bind to receptor
Beta adrenergic receptors
The _____subunit activates adenylate cyclase producing cAMP and cAMP activates ___________, opening ion channels?
Alpha and protein kinase
This receptor produces its effect by releasing Ca? Epi binds to receptor and Ca binds to _______? This activates protein kinase, modifying enzyme action
Alpha 1 adrenegic receptor, calmodulin
This receptor can be located on either the pre or post synaptic terminal? When located on the pre it decreases levels of NE and when located on the post it produces vasoconstriction
alpha 2 (be sure to read stem for the important info)
Different responses due to different membrane receptor proteins: Constricts visceral smooth muscle-- contraction of smooth muscle--- increase HR and force of contraction--- adipose tissue, function unknown--- relaxes bronchial smooth muscles-
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 3, beta 2
All somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic and most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are….
cholinergic
Somatic motor neurons and all preganglionic autonomic neurons are excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
Postganglionic axons are only inhibitory? true or false
false, can be both
nicotinic receptors are always excitatory? yes or no
yes
Muscarinic receptor require the mediation of G proteins?
yes
These receptors are ligand gated? They cause ion channels to open within the receptor of a protein, what channel is being opened, K or Na?
nicotinic, Na
This receptor produces parasympathetic nerve effects in the heart, smooth muscle and glands? G protein coupled receptors
Muscarinic
This receptor is on the postsynaptic membrane of all autonomic ganglia, all neuromuscular junctions and some CNS pathways
nicotinic
Certain nonadrenergic, noncholinergic postganglionic autonomic axons produce their effects through other NTs, what are they?
ATP, VIP, NO
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the same cells.
Actions counteract each other.
Heart rate.
This is what type of effect?
antagonistic effect
Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation produces similar effects.
Salivary gland secretion.
This is what type of effect?
complementary
Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation produce different effects that work together to produce desired effect.
Micturition.
This is what type of effect?
cooperative
Adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands, and most blood vessels receive what type of innervation?
sympathetic innervation (nonshivering thermogenesis would be an example)
What part of the brain most directly controls activity of autonomic system?
Location of centers for control of cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive and digestive systems.
medulla
What part of the brain regulates the medulla?
hypothalamus
What part of the brain is responsible for visceral responses that are characteristic of emotional states?
cerebral cortex and limbic system
