Physio Exam 3 Chapter 11 part 2 Flashcards
Hypothalamus neuron cells bodes are produced where:
ADH—
Oxycotin–
They are then transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and stored in the ________?
supraoptic, paraventricular, posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus hormones synthesize releasing and _______ hormones. Hormones are transported to axon endings of ___________?
inhibiting, median eminence
Hormones secreted into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system regulate the secretions of the…
anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary and hypothalamic secretions are controlled by the target organs they regulate. Secretions are specifically controlled by ________ by target gland hormones.
negative feedback inhibition
In regards to the anterior pituitary, the target gland hormone can act on the _______ inhibiting secretion of releasing hormone.
The target gland can also act on the _________ and inhibit the response to the releasing hormone.
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
Retrograde transport of blood from anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus.
Hormone released by anterior pituitary inhibits secretion of releasing hormone, this is called
short feedback loop
The regards to the anterior pituitary, this would be an example of what kind of effect:
During the menstrual cycle, estrogen stimulates “LH surge.”
positive feedback effect
Relationship between anterior pituitary and a particular target gland.
Pituitary-gonad
This is called the
axis
Hypothalamus receives input from ________. Psychological stress affects circadian rhythms and _______
higher brain centers, menstrual cycle
Paired organs that cap the kidneys? It consists of an outer cortex and an ______?
adrenal glands, inner medulla
Derived from embryonic neural crest ectoderm (same tissue that produces the sympathetic ganglia).
Synthesizes and secretes:
Catecholamines (mainly Epi but some NE). This is called the?
adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex _______ receive neural innervation. It must be stimulated ______?
does not, hormonally
The 3 zones of the adrenal cortex are? Does the adrenal cortex secrete corticosteriods?
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, yes
Zona glomerulosa:
Mineralcorticoids (_______), stimulates _____ to reabsorb _____ and secrete K+
aldosterone, kidneys, Na+
Zona fasciculata: Glucococorticoids (________), inhibit ______ utilization and stimulate gluconegenesis
cortisol, glucose
Zona reticularis (_______), sex steroids, supplement sex steroids
DHEA
The adrenal medulla is innervated by _________ sympathetic axons.
Increases respiratory rate, increases HR and cardiac output, vasoconstiction of blood vessels increasing venous return, stimulate glycogenolysis and stimulates lipolysis
preganglionic
In regards to the adrenal gland, non specific response to stress produces _________. In the alarm phase ______ are activated, in stage of resistance also called the stage of _______, stage of exhaustion–this can occur if readjustment is not complete?
general adaptation syndrome (GAS), adrenal glands, readjustment, death
Thyroid gland is the largest of the pure endocrine glands, ______ cells secrete thyroxine, parafollicular cells secrete _______?
follicular, calcitonin
Production of thyroid hormone, Iodide (I-) actively transported into the follicle and secreted into the ______? Oxidized into _______?
colloid, iodine
In the production of thyroid hormone, iodine attached to tyrosine within thyroglobulin chain, attachment of 1 iodine produces ______, attachment of 2 iodines produces ______?
monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT)
Are T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid? TSH stimulates pinocytosis into the follicular cell, enzymes hydrolyze T3 and T4 from _______? Attached to TBG and released into the blood
yes, thyroglobulin
The following are the actions of particular hormone, what hormone is it? stimulates protein synthesis and promotes maturation of nervous system
T3
T3 works by stimulating rate of cellular respiration by production of ______ proteins, Increasing active transport by ___/____ pumps and lower cellular _____.
uncoupling, Na K, ATP
T3 also increases metabolic ____ and _____
rate and heat
An iodine deficiency is also know as a ______. It is abnormal growth of the thyroid gland, in the absence of sufficient iodine, there cannot be adequate production of ___ and ____. This leads to lack of negative feedback inhibition, stimulates TSH which causes abnormal growth
goiter, T3 T4
Autoimmune disorder:
Exerts TSH-like effects on thyroid.
Not affected by negative feedback, this is called?
Hypothyroid from end of 1st trimester to 6 months postnatally.
Severe mental retardation, this is called?
Grave’s disease, Cretinism
Adult myxedema:
Accumulation of mucoproteins and fluid in subcutaneous tissue, is an indication of what problem?
goiter
Only hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland is ? It is the single most important hormone in the control of blood ___. It is stimulated by a decrease in blood _____?
PTH (parathyroid hormone), CALCIUM
In pancreatic islets, alpha cells secrete _____. Among other things, stimulates conversion of fatty acids to _____.
glucagon, ketone bodies
In pancreatic islet cells, beta cells secrete ______. Among other things, promotes entry of _____into cells. It aids entry of ______ into cells as well.
insulin, glucose, amino acids
The pineal gland secretes melatonin, production is stimulated by the ________ in hypothalamus.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
In regards to the pineal gland, The SCN is the primary center for? Melatonin secretion ______ with darkness and peaks in ________?
circadian rhythm, darkness, middle of night
The pineal gland may inhibit?
GnRh
This is the site of production of T cells or lymphocytes? Lymphocytes are involved in ____-_____ immunity.
thymus, cell-mediated
Is the thymus larger in newborns or adults?
newborns
In the thymus, it regresses after puberty and becomes infiltrated with strands of _______?
fibrous tissue
The gonads secrete sex hormones which are (3)? After menopause, they produce?
testosterone, estradiol 17-B, progesterone, estrone
This secretes large amounts of estriol, progesterone, hCG and hCS?
placenta
Produced and act within the same tissue of an organ.
All of these regulators control gene expression in target cells?
Produced within one tissue and regulate a different tissue of the same organ, this is called the?
autocrine, paracrine
Neutrophins guide _______ peripheral neurons?
regenerating
What are the most diverse group of autocrine regulators? They are usually only produced by the thyroid, true or false?
prostaglandins, FALSE by almost every organ
In the immune system, prostaglandins promote _______? In the reproductive system they play a role in _______? and in the digestive system they ______ gastric secretion?
inflammatory response, ovulation, inhibit
NSAIDS inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting what?
Celecoxib and rofecoxib inhibit what?
COX 1, COX 2
