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Physio Exam 3 > Physio Exam 3 Chapter 11 Part 1 > Flashcards

Physio Exam 3 Chapter 11 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Do endocrine glands lack ducts?

A

yes

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2
Q

Specialized neurons that secrete chemicals into the blood rather than synaptic cleft.
The chemical they secrete is called?

A

neurohormone (NE and asopresin are examples of neurohormone)

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3
Q

Affect metabolism of target organs.

Help regulate total body metabolism, growth, and reproduction, these are called?

A

hormones

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4
Q

NE, Epi and T4 (Tyroxine) are hormones derived from _____ and _____, they are called amines.

A

tyrosine and tryptophan

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5
Q

Protein hormones: polypeptide chain with > 100 amino acids, an example of a protein hormone would be?

A

growth hormone

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6
Q

Lipophilic hormones are lipids derived from cholesterol, some examples would be (4 of them)

A

testerone, estradiol, coritsol and progesterone

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7
Q

Glycoproteins, long polypepties (>100) bound to 1 or more carbohydrate, some examples would be… (2 of them)

A

FSH and LH

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8
Q

Pinel gland secretes ______, has properties of both water soluble and lipophilic hormones

A

melatonin

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9
Q

Nonpolar (lipophilic) hormones can ________ into target cell. Examples would be steroid hormones and _______

A

gain entry, T4

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10
Q

Precursor is a longer chained polypeptide that is cut and spliced together to make the hormone is…..

Prohormone derived from larger precursor molecule….

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed into hormones by target cells….

A

prohormone, preprohormone, prehormone

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11
Q

APs are chemical events produced by ______ of ions through _________ membrane

A

diffusion, neuron plasma

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12
Q

Action of some hormones are accompanied by ion diffusion and electrical changes in the target cell.
Nerve axon boutons release_____.
Some chemicals are secreted as _______, and also are________.

A

NTs, hormones, NTs

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13
Q

In order for either a NT or hormone to function in physiological regulation:
Target cell must have specific _________.
Combination of the regulatory molecule with its receptor proteins must cause a specific sequence of changes.
There must be a mechanism to quickly _______ the action of a ______.

A

receptor proteins, turn off, receptor

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14
Q

Two hormones work together to produce a result.

A

synergistic

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15
Q

Each hormone separately produces response, together at same concentrations stimulate even greater effect.
NE and Epi

A

additive hormonal interaction

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16
Q

Each hormone stimulates different step in the process.

FSH and testosterone

A

complementary hormonal interaction

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17
Q

Hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to second hormone.
Increases the activity of a second hormone.
Prior exposure of uterus to estrogen induces formation of receptors for progesterone

A

permissive effects

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18
Q

Action of one hormone _______the effect of another. Insulin and glucagon

A

antagonistic effect

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19
Q

Hormone in blood reflects the rate of _____. Varying hormone within normal, physiological range can affect the_______ of target cells.

A

secretion, responsiveness

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20
Q

Increase number of receptors formed on target cells in response to particular hormone.
Greater response by the target cell

A

priming effect (upregulation)

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21
Q

Prolonged exposure to high [polypeptide hormone]. This is called?
Subsequent exposure to the same [hormone] produces less response.
Decrease in number of receptors on target cells, an example of this would be

A

desensitization (downregulation) insulin in adipose cells

22
Q

Pulsatile secretion may prevent?

A

downregulation

23
Q

In regards to mechanisms of hormone action, hormones exhibit these 2 main things?

A

affinity and saturation

24
Q

Lipophilic steroid and thyroid hormones are attached to plasma carrier proteins because they are……

Hormones dissociate from carrier proteins to pass through ________ of the target plasma membrane

A

not water soluble, lipid component

25
Q

Receptors for the lipophilic hormones are know as…..

A

nuclear hormone receptors

26
Q

Steroid receptors are located in ______ and in the ______ of a cell?

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

27
Q

Nuclear hormone receptors function within cell to activate….
Messenger RNA directs synthesis of specific enzyme proteins that change metabolism

A

genetic transcription

28
Q

Each nuclear hormone receptor has 2 regions………

A

Ligand binding domain and DNA binding domain

29
Q

In regards to nuclear hormone receptors, receptor must be activated by binding to ______ before binding to specific region of DNA called ________
Located adjacent to gene that will be transcribed

A

hormone, HRE (Hormone Responsive Element)

30
Q

Mechanism of steroid hormone action, cytoplasmic receptor binds to _________. This translocates to the ________. DNA binding domain binds to specific ________ of the DNA.

A

hormone, nucleus, HRE

31
Q

For mechanisms of steroid hormone action, after DNA binding domain binds to specific HRE of the DNA this occurs? Which is the process of 2 receptor units coming together at the 2 half site. This stimulates ________ of particular genes.

A

dimerazation, transcription

32
Q

For thyroid hormone, T4 passes into cytoplasm and becomes? This hormone binds to what domain?

A

T3, ligand binding domain

33
Q

What vitamin is involved with mechanism of thyroid hormone action?

A

Vitamin A

34
Q

What two partners bind to the DNA to activate HRE in thyroid hormone action? This stimulates transcription of genes

A

T3 and Vitamin A (9-cis-retinoic acid)

35
Q

Hormones cannot pass through plasma membrane use _______?

A

2nd messengers

36
Q

Polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone binds to receptor protein causing dissociation of a subunit of______?
This subunit binds to and activates _______. ATP—cAMP and PPi

A

G protein, adenylate cyclase

37
Q

cAMP attaches to inhibitory subunit of……., this inhibitory subunit disscoiates and activates this protein as well

A

protein kinase

38
Q

cAMP is inactivated by…….., it hydrolyzes cAMP to inactive fragments

A

phosphodiesterase

39
Q

Adeylate Cyclase-cAMP phosphorylates enzymes within the cell to produces________. It modulates the activity of _______ present in the cell and alter the metabolism of the cell.

A

hormone’s effect, enzymes

40
Q

Binding of Epi to a-adrenergic receptor in plasma membrane activates a G-protein intermediate….

A

phospholipase C

41
Q

Phospholipase C splits phospholipid into ____ and _____. Both are derivatives of 2nd messengers.

A

IP3 and DAG

42
Q

IP3 diffuses through cytoplasm to RE. Binding of IP3 to receptor protein in ER causes ______channels to open?

A

CA2+

43
Q

In Phospholipase, CA2+ diffuses into the cytoplasm where it binds to…..

A

calmodulin

44
Q

Calmodulin activates specific protein kinase enzymes, altering the _____ of the cell, producing the _______.

A

metabolism, hormone’s effect

45
Q

Insulin receptor consists of 2 units that dimerize when they bind with insulin.

A

tyrosine kinase

46
Q

In tyrosine kinase, insulin binds to _________ site on plasma membrane, activating enzymatic site in the _______.

A

ligand binding site, cytoplasm

47
Q

What increases tyrosine kinase activity? This activates signaling molecules, stimulating glyocogen, fat and protein synthesis.

A

autophosphorylation

48
Q

The pituitary gland is located in the diencephalon (true or false) how many lobes does it have?

A

true and 2 (anterior/posterior)

49
Q

Anterior pituitary has trophic effects: high blood hormone causes target organ to ______. Low blood hormone causes target organ to ______?

A

hypertrophy, atrophy

50
Q

Posterior pituitary stores and releases 2 hormones and are produced in the hypothalamus, what are they?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

51
Q

ADH promotes retention of ______ by the _______. Less ______ is excreted in the ______.

A

H2O, kidneys, H2O, urine

52
Q

Oxytocin stimulates contractions of the ______ during parturition. Stimulates contractions of the mammary gland ______, this is the milk ejection reflex.

A

uterus, alveoli

Physio Exam 3 (7 decks)

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