Physio Exam 3 Chapter 10 Part 2

Question 1

Vibrations by stapes and oval window produces pressure waves that displace______fluid within scala vestibuli

Answer 1

perilymph

Question 2

Movements of perilymph travel to the base of _______ where they displace the round window

Answer 2

cochlea

Question 3

As sound frequency increases, pressure waves of the perilymph are transmitted through the _____ membrane to the ______ membrane

Answer 3

vestibular, basilar

Question 4

Displacement of basilar membrane is central to….

Answer 4

pitch discrimination

Question 5

Waves in basilar membrane reach a peak at different regions depending upon pitch of sound.
Sounds of higher frequency cause maximum vibrations of _____membrane.

Answer 5

basilar

Question 6

In the organ of corti, sensory hair cells (stereocilia) are located on what membrane?

Answer 6

basilar

Question 7

When the cochlear duct is displaced, a shearing force is created between basilar membrane and tectorial membrane, moving and bending the what?

Answer 7

stereocilia

Question 8

In the organ of corti, Ion channels open, depolarizing the hair cells, releasing _______ that stimulates a sensory neuron.

Answer 8

glutamate

Question 9

Greater displacement of basilar membrane, bending of stereocilia; the greater the amount of ______released. Thus, increasing frequency of APs produced

Answer 9

NT

Question 10

Sensory neurons in cranial nerve ______ synapse with neurons in medulla.
These neurons project to inferior colliculus of midbrain.
Neurons in this area project to thalamus.
Thalamus sends axons to ______cortex

Answer 10

VIII, auditory

Question 11

Neurons in different regions of basilar membrane stimulate neurons in the corresponding areas of the_______.
Each area of cortex represents a different part of the basilar membrane and a different_____

Answer 11

auditory cortex, pitch

Question 12

Transmission of sound waves through middle ear to oval window impaired.
Impairs all sound frequencies may require the use of
Hearing aids.

Answer 12

conductive deafness

Question 13

Transmission of nerve impulses is impaired.
Impairs ability to hear some pitches more than others, may require
Cochlear implants.

Answer 13

sensorineural deafness

Question 14

Eyes transduce energy in the electromagnetic spectrum into APs.
Only wavelengths of______nm constitute visible light

Answer 14

400-700

Question 15

Neurons in the retina contribute fibers that are gathered together at the ______, where they exit at the_______

Answer 15

optic disc, optic nerve

Question 16

Light that passes from a medium of one density into a medium of another density (bends), this is called?

Answer 16

refraction

Question 17

What is the refractive index of air? refractive index of the cornea?

Answer 17

1.00, 1.38

Question 18

Are images inverted on the retina?

Answer 18

yes!!!

Question 19

Comparative density of the 2 media and the curvature of interface between the 2 media determines the….

Answer 19

refractive index

Question 20

Image projected onto retina is the same in each eye? True or False

Answer 20

FALSE, reversed

Question 21

Cornea and lens focus the right part of the visual field on ____half of retina.
Left half of visual field focus on ____ half of each retina

Answer 21

left, right

Question 22

Ability of the eyes to keep the image focused on the retina as the distance between the eyes and object varies, this is called what?

Answer 22

accommodation

Question 23

At distances >20 feet, relaxation places _____ on the suspensory ligament, this ____ the lens taut and the lens is least_____

Answer 23

tension, pulls, convex

Question 24

At distances less than 20 feet, ciliary muscles____, reducing tension on the ___________, lens becomes more rounded and more ________

Answer 24

contract, suspensory ligament, convex

Question 25

Nearsightedness or _______, the image brought to focus _____ the retina?

Answer 25

myopia, in front of

Question 26

Farsightedness or ________, image brought to focus _______ the retina?

Answer 26

hyperopia, behind

Question 27

Asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens. | Images of lines of circle appear blurred, this is called?

Answer 27

astigmatism

Question 28

This part of the eye consists of single-cell-thick pigmented epithelium, layers of other neurons, and photoreceptor neurons (rods and cones)

Answer 28

retina

Question 29

In the retina, neural layers are ______extensions of the brain. Neural layers face _______, toward incoming light.

Answer 29

forward, outward

Question 30

Light must pass through several _____layers before striking the ____ and _____.

Answer 30

neural, rods, cones

Question 31

Rods and cones synapse with other neurons. | Each rod and cone consists of ____ and _____segments

Answer 31

inner, outer

Question 32

Outer segments of rods and cones contain hundreds of _______ discs with photopigment molecules.

Answer 32

flattened

Question 33

APs are conducted outward or inward in the retina?

Answer 33

outward

Question 34

Outer layers of neurons that contribute axons to optic nerve called....

Answer 34

ganglion cells

Question 35

Neurons receive synaptic input from bipolar cells, which receive input from ____ and ______. Horizontal cells synapse with photoreceptors and _____ cells. Amacrine cells synapse with several ______ cells

Answer 35

rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Question 36

Rods and cones are activated when light produces chemical change in...

Answer 36

rhodopsin

Question 37

Rhodopsin dissociates into retinene and ______? 11-cis retinene dissociates from ______ when converted to all trans form

Answer 37

opsin, opsin

Question 38

Gradual increase in photoreceptor sensitivity when entering a dark room. Maximal sensitivity reached in 20 min is called....

Answer 38

dark adaptation

Question 39

Increased pigment in cones produces slight dark adaptation in the 1st______, increased rhodopsin in rods produces greater increase in______

Answer 39

5 min, sensitivity

Question 40

In regards to electrical activity of retinal cells, ganglion and amacrine cells are the only neurons that produce_______, whereas Rods/cones, bipolar and horizontal cells produces ______ and ________?

Answer 40

APs, EPSPs and IPSPs

Question 41

In dark, photoreceptors release _________ that hyperpolarizes bipolar neurons

Answer 41

inhibitory NT

Question 42

Light inhibits photoreceptors from releasing __________

Answer 42

inhibitory NT

Question 43

In dark current, rods and cones contain many _____ channels that are open in the dark. This causes slight membrane _______ in the dark

Answer 43

Na+, depolarization

Question 44

In the retinal cells, Na+ channles ________ in response to light? What is required to keep these Na+ channels open?

Answer 44

rapidly close, cGMP

Question 45

In retinal cells, in the dark, opsin dissociates causing the alpha subunits of _______ to also dissociate. This then binds to and activates phosphodiesterase, converting ______ to _______? Na+ channels close when _____ is converted to ______

Answer 45

G protein, cGMP, GMP, cGMP, GMP

Question 46

Absorption of a ______photon of light can block Na entry, hyperpolarizing and release less __________

Answer 46

single, inhibiting NT

Question 47

Cones are more sensitive than rods to light? true or false

Answer 47

false, LESS SENSITIVE

Question 48

There are 3 types of cones, what are they?

Answer 48

blue, green, red

Question 49

Each type of cone contains ______ associated with photopsins. Photopsin protein is _____ for each of the 3 cone pigments.

Answer 49

retiene, unique

Question 50

Each of the 3 cones absorbs the same wavelength of light? true or false

Answer 50

false, DIFFERENT

Question 51

Does the fovea only contain cones? Peripheral regions also only contain cones?

Answer 51

yes, no they also contain rods as well

Question 52

Visual acuity is the greatest and sensitivity is the lowest when light falls onto the....

Answer 52

fovea

Question 53

Quick, jerky movements. Occur when eyes appear still. Move image to different photoreceptors. Ability of the eyes to jump from word to word as you read a line. This is what type of eye movement?

Answer 53

saccadic eye movement

Question 54

Smooth pursuit movements: Track moving objects. Keep image focused on the fovea, this is what type of eye movement?

Answer 54

superior colliculus eye movement

Question 55

In regards to visual fields: Response produced by light in the center of visual fields-- Responses inhibited by light in the center, and stimulated by light in the surround---- Part of visual field that affects activity of particular ganglion cell--

Answer 55

On-center fields, | Off-center fields, Receptive fields