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Physio Exam 3 > Physio Exam 3 Chapter 10 Part 2 > Flashcards

Physio Exam 3 Chapter 10 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vibrations by stapes and oval window produces pressure waves that displace______fluid within scala vestibuli

A

perilymph

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2
Q

Movements of perilymph travel to the base of _______ where they displace the round window

A

cochlea

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3
Q

As sound frequency increases, pressure waves of the perilymph are transmitted through the _____ membrane to the ______ membrane

A

vestibular, basilar

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4
Q

Displacement of basilar membrane is central to….

A

pitch discrimination

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5
Q

Waves in basilar membrane reach a peak at different regions depending upon pitch of sound.
Sounds of higher frequency cause maximum vibrations of _____membrane.

A

basilar

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6
Q

In the organ of corti, sensory hair cells (stereocilia) are located on what membrane?

A

basilar

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7
Q

When the cochlear duct is displaced, a shearing force is created between basilar membrane and tectorial membrane, moving and bending the what?

A

stereocilia

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8
Q

In the organ of corti, Ion channels open, depolarizing the hair cells, releasing _______ that stimulates a sensory neuron.

A

glutamate

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9
Q

Greater displacement of basilar membrane, bending of stereocilia; the greater the amount of ______released. Thus, increasing frequency of APs produced

A

NT

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10
Q

Sensory neurons in cranial nerve ______ synapse with neurons in medulla.
These neurons project to inferior colliculus of midbrain.
Neurons in this area project to thalamus.
Thalamus sends axons to ______cortex

A

VIII, auditory

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11
Q

Neurons in different regions of basilar membrane stimulate neurons in the corresponding areas of the_______.
Each area of cortex represents a different part of the basilar membrane and a different_____

A

auditory cortex, pitch

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12
Q

Transmission of sound waves through middle ear to oval window impaired.
Impairs all sound frequencies may require the use of
Hearing aids.

A

conductive deafness

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13
Q

Transmission of nerve impulses is impaired.
Impairs ability to hear some pitches more than others, may require
Cochlear implants.

A

sensorineural deafness

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14
Q

Eyes transduce energy in the electromagnetic spectrum into APs.
Only wavelengths of______nm constitute visible light

A

400-700

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15
Q

Neurons in the retina contribute fibers that are gathered together at the ______, where they exit at the_______

A

optic disc, optic nerve

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16
Q

Light that passes from a medium of one density into a medium of another density (bends), this is called?

A

refraction

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17
Q

What is the refractive index of air? refractive index of the cornea?

A

1.00, 1.38

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18
Q

Are images inverted on the retina?

A

yes!!!

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19
Q

Comparative density of the 2 media and the curvature of interface between the 2 media determines the….

A

refractive index

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20
Q

Image projected onto retina is the same in each eye? True or False

A

FALSE, reversed

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21
Q

Cornea and lens focus the right part of the visual field on ____half of retina.
Left half of visual field focus on ____ half of each retina

A

left, right

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22
Q

Ability of the eyes to keep the image focused on the retina as the distance between the eyes and object varies, this is called what?

A

accommodation

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23
Q

At distances >20 feet, relaxation places _____ on the suspensory ligament, this ____ the lens taut and the lens is least_____

A

tension, pulls, convex

24
Q

At distances less than 20 feet, ciliary muscles____, reducing tension on the ___________, lens becomes more rounded and more ________

A

contract, suspensory ligament, convex

25
Q

Nearsightedness or _______, the image brought to focus _____ the retina?

A

myopia, in front of

26
Q

Farsightedness or ________, image brought to focus _______ the retina?

A

hyperopia, behind

27
Q

Asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens.

Images of lines of circle appear blurred, this is called?

A

astigmatism

28
Q

This part of the eye consists of single-cell-thick pigmented epithelium, layers of other neurons, and photoreceptor neurons (rods and cones)

A

retina

29
Q

In the retina, neural layers are ______extensions of the brain. Neural layers face _______, toward incoming light.

A

forward, outward

30
Q

Light must pass through several _____layers before striking the ____ and _____.

A

neural, rods, cones

31
Q

Rods and cones synapse with other neurons.

Each rod and cone consists of ____ and _____segments

A

inner, outer

32
Q

Outer segments of rods and cones contain hundreds of _______ discs with photopigment molecules.

A

flattened

33
Q

APs are conducted outward or inward in the retina?

A

outward

34
Q

Outer layers of neurons that contribute axons to optic nerve called….

A

ganglion cells

35
Q

Neurons receive synaptic input from bipolar cells, which receive input from ____ and ______.
Horizontal cells synapse with photoreceptors and _____ cells.
Amacrine cells synapse with several ______ cells

A

rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

36
Q

Rods and cones are activated when light produces chemical change in…

A

rhodopsin

37
Q

Rhodopsin dissociates into retinene and ______? 11-cis retinene dissociates from ______ when converted to all trans form

A

opsin, opsin

38
Q

Gradual increase in photoreceptor sensitivity when entering a dark room.
Maximal sensitivity reached in 20 min is called….

A

dark adaptation

39
Q

Increased pigment in cones produces slight dark adaptation in the 1st______, increased rhodopsin in rods produces greater increase in______

A

5 min, sensitivity

40
Q

In regards to electrical activity of retinal cells, ganglion and amacrine cells are the only neurons that produce_______, whereas Rods/cones, bipolar and horizontal cells produces ______ and ________?

A

APs, EPSPs and IPSPs

41
Q

In dark, photoreceptors release _________ that hyperpolarizes bipolar neurons

A

inhibitory NT

42
Q

Light inhibits photoreceptors from releasing __________

A

inhibitory NT

43
Q

In dark current, rods and cones contain many _____ channels that are open in the dark. This causes slight membrane _______ in the dark

A

Na+, depolarization

44
Q

In the retinal cells, Na+ channles ________ in response to light? What is required to keep these Na+ channels open?

A

rapidly close, cGMP

45
Q

In retinal cells, in the dark, opsin dissociates causing the alpha subunits of _______ to also dissociate.
This then binds to and activates phosphodiesterase, converting ______ to _______? Na+ channels close when _____ is converted to ______

A

G protein, cGMP, GMP, cGMP, GMP

46
Q

Absorption of a ______photon of light can block Na entry, hyperpolarizing and release less __________

A

single, inhibiting NT

47
Q

Cones are more sensitive than rods to light? true or false

A

false, LESS SENSITIVE

48
Q

There are 3 types of cones, what are they?

A

blue, green, red

49
Q

Each type of cone contains ______ associated with photopsins. Photopsin protein is _____ for each of the 3 cone pigments.

A

retiene, unique

50
Q

Each of the 3 cones absorbs the same wavelength of light? true or false

A

false, DIFFERENT

51
Q

Does the fovea only contain cones? Peripheral regions also only contain cones?

A

yes, no they also contain rods as well

52
Q

Visual acuity is the greatest and sensitivity is the lowest when light falls onto the….

A

fovea

53
Q

Quick, jerky movements.
Occur when eyes appear still.
Move image to different photoreceptors.
Ability of the eyes to jump from word to word as you read a line. This is what type of eye movement?

A

saccadic eye movement

54
Q

Smooth pursuit movements:
Track moving objects.
Keep image focused on the fovea, this is what type of eye movement?

A

superior colliculus eye movement

55
Q

In regards to visual fields:

Response produced by light in the center of visual fields–

Responses inhibited by light in the center, and stimulated by light in the surround—-

Part of visual field that affects activity of particular ganglion cell–

A

On-center fields,

Off-center fields, Receptive fields

Physio Exam 3 (7 decks)

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