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Physio Exam 3 > Physio Exam 3 Chapter 10 Part 1 > Flashcards

Physio Exam 3 Chapter 10 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Perceptions of the world are created by the brain from _____ sent from ______ receptors

A

AP and sensory receptors

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2
Q

Receptors transduce different forms of ______ to nerve impulses that are conducted to ____.

A

sensation, CNS

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3
Q 
dendritic endings of sensory neurons: 
Pain/temperature--
Pressure/touch--
rods and cones----
modified epithelial cells--
A

free, encapsulated, sight, taste

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4
Q

grouped together according to the type of stimulus energy they transduce:
chemical stimuli in the environment or blood–
rods and cones–
temperature—
touch and pressure–
pain—-
body position—-

A 
chemoreceptors, 
photoreceptors, 
thermoreceptors, 
mechanoreceptors, 
nociceptors, 
proprioceptors
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5
Q

Categorized according to the type of sensory information delivered to the brain:
Touch, pressure, temperature, pain—
Sight, hearing, equilibrium—

A

cutaneous receptors, special senses

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6
Q

Produce constant rate of firing as long as stimulus is applied, as in pain

A

tonic receptors

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7
Q

burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate if stimulus is maintained

A

phasic receptor

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8
Q

requires least amount of energy to activate a receptor

A

adequate stimulus

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9
Q

regardless of how a sensory neuron is stimulated, only ______ sensory modality will be perceived, this allows the brain to perceive the stimulus accurately under normal conditions

A

one

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10
Q

In response to stimulus, sensory nerve endings produce a ______ change in membrane potential.

A

local graded

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11
Q

Potential changes are called ________ potential.

Analogous to EPSPs

A

receptor or generated

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12
Q

Generator potential increases with increased stimulus, then as stimulus continues, generator potential size diminishes, this is called the what response?

A

phasic response

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13
Q

generator potential proportional to intensity of stimulus is what kind of response?

A

Tonic response

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14
Q

cutaneous sensations: free nerve endings: Receptors for cold located in ____regions of dermis
Warm receptors are located _____in the dermis
More receptors respond to _____ than ______

A

upper, deeper, cold, warm

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15
Q

Hot temperature produces sensation of pain through a _______receptor? This allows ion channels for Ca and Na to diffuse into the neuron.

A

capsaicin

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16
Q

Nociceptors use ______or gultamate as NT? This allows Ca and _____ to enter though depolarizing channel, depolarizing the cell

A

substance P, Na

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17
Q

touch and pressure receptors, they adapt quickly

A

encapsulated

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18
Q

Ruffini endings and Merkel’s discs are responsible for what? are they quick adapting or slow adapting?

A

sensation of touch, slow

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19
Q

sensory information from proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors are carried by large _______ nerve fibers that synapse in the medulla

A

myelinated

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20
Q

(Lateral or Anterior Spinothalamic tracts)
heat, cold and pain—
Touch and pressure—

A

lateral, anterior

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21
Q

Area of skin whose stimulation results in changes in the firing rate of the neuron is called what?

A

receptor fields

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22
Q

Area of each receptor field varies _____ with the density of the receptors in the regions

A

inversely

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23
Q

back and legs have fewer sensory receptors thus they have a ______receptive field

A

larger

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24
Q

fingertips have a large number of cutaneous receptors so their receptive field is _______?

A

small

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25
Q

What is the minimum distance at which 2 points of touch can be perceived? this measures the distance between the receptive fields

A

Two-Point Touch Threshold

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26
Q

If distance between 2 points is less than minimum distance, only 1 point will be felt, this is an indication of……

A

tactile acuity

27
Q

When a blunt object touches the skin, sensory neurons in the center areas are stimulated more than _____ fields.

A

neighboring

28
Q

In lateral inhibition, without a clear, sharp boundary stimulation will gradually_____ from the point of greatest contact

A

diminish

29
Q

Gustation is the sensation of…..

A

taste

30
Q

each taste bud contains how many specialized epithelial cells?

A

50-100

31
Q

Are taste cells neurons?

A

no, but they depolarize upon stimulation, if they reach a threshold they release a NT that stimulates sensory neurons

32
Q

Each taste bud contains taste cells responsive to each of the different taste categories.
A given sensory neuron may be stimulated by_____ than ___taste cell in # of different taste buds.

A

more, 1

33
Q

One sensory fiber may not transmit information ________ category of taste.

A

specific for 1

34
Q

In regards to taste, the brain interprets the pattern of stimulation with the sense of smell; so that we perceive the ________

A

complex tastes

35
Q

This taste involves Na passing through channels, activating specific receptors cells causing depolarization and a release of a NT

A

salty

36
Q

This taste is involved with the presence of H+ passing through channels

A

sour

37
Q

This taste is mediated by receptors coupled to G-protein gustducin

A

sweet and bitter

38
Q

Olfactory apparatus consists of receptor cells, supporting cells and basal (stem) cells.
Basal cells generate new receptor cells every_____

A

1-2 months

39
Q

In regards to olfaction, supporting cells contain _______ that oxidize hydrophobic volatile odorants.

A

enzymes

40
Q

Neuronal glomerulus receives input from how many types of olfactory receptor(s)?

A

1 type

41
Q

Bipolar sensory neurons located within olfactory epithelium are?

A

pseudostratified

42
Q

Axon project directly up into olfactory bulb of ______. The olfactory bulb then projects to the olfactory cortex, hippocampus and amygdaloid nuclei, where it synapses with what order neuron?

A

cerebrum, 2nd order

43
Q

Up to how many G proteins may be associated with a single receptor protein in regards to olfaction?

A

50

44
Q

Odorant molecules bind to receptors and act through _____proteins to increase _____

A

G, cAMP

45
Q

Dissociation of olfactory G-proteins releases G-subunits, thus doing what to the response?

A

amplifying it

46
Q

Sensory structures of the vestibular apparatus is located within the membranous labyrinth. They are filled with what?

A

endolymph

47
Q

Equilibrium is due to (with respect to gravity of course)…

A

vestibular apparatus

48
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

utricle and saccule

49
Q

Utricle and saccule:

Provide information about _____acceleration

A

linear

50
Q

Stereocilla and kinocilium are what type of receptors?

A

hair cell

51
Q

When stereocilia bend ______kinocilium; membrane depolarizes, and releases NT that stimulates dendrites of VIII.
When bend _____from kinocilium, hyperpolarization occurs.

A

towards, away

52
Q

In regards to the utricle and saccule, hair cells project into ______, where hair cells are embedded in gelatinous ________membrane

A

endolymph and otolithic

53
Q

Utricle is more sensitive to _______acceleration and the saccule is more sensitive to ________acceleration

A

horizontal and vertical

54
Q

Semicircular canals provide information about rotational acceleration and they project into how many different planes?

A

3

55
Q

Each semicircular canal contains a semicircular duct, true or false?

A

true

56
Q

In the semicircular canals hair cell processes are embedded in the…..

A

capula

57
Q

Endolymph provides inertia so that the sensory processes will bend in direction ______ to the angular acceleration

A

opposite

58
Q

Stimulation of hair cells in vestibular apparatus activates sensory neurons of cranial nerve…

A

VIII

59
Q

Sensory fibers transmit impulses to cerebellum and _____ of medulla

A

vestibular nuclei

60
Q

Movements of the head, neck and limbs are stimulated from neurons located where?

A

spinal cord

61
Q

Sounds waves are characterized by ______ and ________?

A

Frequency (measured in hertz, with pitch related to frequency) and Intensity (directly related to amplitude of sound waves and measured in decibles)

62
Q

External auditory meatus channels sound waves to the ______.

Increases sound wave intensity

A

tympanic membrane

63
Q

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transmitted to the…

A

malleus, incus and stapes

64
Q

This bone of the middle ear is attached to the oval window and vibrates in response to vibrations in the tympanic membrane

A

stapes

Physio Exam 3 (7 decks)

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