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Semester 4 and 5 > Physio Exam 1 > Flashcards

Physio Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many neurons does the human brain have

A

about 86 billion

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2
Q

it is very important for our neurons to

A

rest

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3
Q

dendrites

A

These are branch-like extensions from the neuron’s cell body. They receive signals from other neurons and pass them to the cell body.

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4
Q

axon

A

long, thin extension from the cell body. carries the electrical signal from the cell body to the other end of the neuron, called the terminal button.

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5
Q

cell body

A

This is the main part of the neuron where all the important stuff happens. It contains the nucleus (which holds the neuron’s DNA) and helps process the signals that come in from the dendrites.

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6
Q

terminal button

A

small knobs at the end of the axon. When the signal reaches here, the terminal button helps send it to the next neuron by releasing chemicals.

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7
Q

synaptic vessels

A

These are tiny sacs located in the terminal buttons. They store neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that help transmit the signal from one neuron to another.

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8
Q

neurons are…

A

cells in our bodies that send and receive messages

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9
Q

unipolar neuron + function

A

only one extension coming out of the cell body.
often involved in sending messages to muscles (motor neurons), helping the body move

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10
Q

bipolar neuron + function

A

two extensions: one on each end of the cell body.
They usually help with sensory tasks, like processing what you see or hear.

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11
Q

multipolar neurons + function

A

many extensions from the cell body.
They do a lot of the heavy lifting in the brain, sending messages between different parts of the nervous system.

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12
Q

multipolar interneuron + function

A

special type of multipolar neuron that connect different neurons together.
They act like bridges, helping different neurons communicate and share information.

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13
Q

what are glial cells

A

support neurons that perform electrical signals
are like a support staff for neurons. They help keep the brain and nervous system running smoothly.

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14
Q

what are the astrocytes

A

“helpers” for neurons.
They provide insulation, support the structure of the brain, and clean up waste (housekeeping).

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15
Q

what are microglia

A

“clean-up crew.”
They get rid of waste and damaged parts of the brain (pruning), but sometimes they can be overactive and cause problems.
They also help protect the brain like the immune system by recognizing invaders and try to stop them

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16
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

the “insulation” around neurons, helping signals move faster.

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17
Q

what are the oligodendrocytes

A

cells that create the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (the brain and spinal cord).

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18
Q

what are the schwann cells

A

create the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System (the rest of the body).

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19
Q

rostral or anterior

A

front of the face / towards head

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20
Q

caudal or posterior

A

back of the face / towards feet

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21
Q

dorsal

A

top back side

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22
Q

ventral

A

bottom belly side

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23
Q

lateral

A

towards side of body

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24
Q

medial

A

towards middle of body

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25
Q

cross section / frontal section / coronal plane

A

like slicing the body in half from the front to the back. Imagine cutting a loaf of bread to see the front and back parts.

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26
Q

horizontal plane

A

slicing the body in half horizontally to separate the top and bottom, like cutting a sandwich across.

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27
Q

sagittal plane

A

slicing the body right down the middle (or a little to the side), separating the left and right sides

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28
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of body, left leg + left arm

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29
Q

contralateral

A

diff side of body, left leg + right leg

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30
Q

CNS

A

command center of your body.
Brain: The boss that controls everything, located inside the skull
Spinal Cord: The big bundle of nerves that sends messages between the brain and the rest of your body, protected by the vertebral column (your spine/backbone).

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31
Q

PNS

A

messenger that carries information between the CNS and the rest of your body (arms, legs, etc.).
two parts: somatic NS and autonomic NS

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32
Q

somatic NS

A

voluntary actions, like when you move your muscles on purpose.

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33
Q

sensory neurons in somatic NS

A

Carry information from your senses (like touch, except vision) to the brain.

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34
Q

voluntary motor neurons in somatic NS

A

Carry messages from the brain to your muscles, so you can move.

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35
Q

autonomic NS

A

handles automatic processes, like breathing or your heart beating, without you thinking about it.

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36
Q

sympathetic NS + controlled by

A

“fight or flight” system, which kicks in when you’re stressed or in danger. It’s controlled by nerves in the thoracic and lumbar areas of your spine.

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37
Q

parasympathetic NS + controlled by

A

helps you calm down after stress, allowing you to relax, think, and manage emotions. It’s controlled by nerves in your cranial (head) and sacral (lower back) areas.

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38
Q

spinal cord as part of the CNS

A

thick cable of nerves that sends messages between your brain and body

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39
Q

white and gray matter

A

white: “message wires” aka nerves run up and down
gray: where signals are processed

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40
Q

describe the ventral root

A

part of the spinal cord that sends motor output (movement signals) from the spinal cord to your muscles.

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41
Q

describe the dorsal root

A

brings sensory input (feelings like touch) from your body to the spinal cord and includes the Dorsal Root Ganglion, which is like a little hub where sensory signals get organized.

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42
Q

describe the cauda equina in CNS

A

bundle of nerves at the very bottom of your spinal cord. It looks a bit like a “horse’s tail” and helps control things like your legs and lower body.

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43
Q

describe spinal nerves

A

part of the peripheral NS and theres 31 pairs ; one for each segment cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

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44
Q

describe cranial nerves + most important one

A

part of peripheral NS
the vagus nerve, which is part of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS). It helps you calm down and relax by controlling things like your heart rate and digestion.

45
Q

cerebral cortex is

A

outer layer of your brain, responsible for things like thinking, memory, and decision-making.

46
Q

sulci / sulcus on cerebral cortex

A

These are the small grooves or folds on the surface of your brain. They help increase the surface area, so the brain can fit more neurons.

47
Q

fissures on cerebral cortex

A

deeper grooves in the brain. Think of them as bigger, more prominent cuts that divide the brain into sections.

48
Q

gyri / gyrus in cerebral cortex

A

bumps or ridges between the sulci and fissures. They also help increase the brain’s surface area.

49
Q

foramen magnum in cerebral cortex

A

large hole at the base of your skull where your brain connects to your spinal cord.

50
Q

ventricular system in cerebral cortex

A

network of fluid-filled spaces inside the brain. The fluid helps protect the brain and keep it healthy.

51
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

two large spaces in the brain that hold most of the cerebrospinal fluid.

52
Q

third ventricle

A

narrow space in the middle of the brain that connects the lateral ventricles to the 4th ventricle

53
Q

fourth ventricle

A

space near the bottom of the brain that helps fluid move to the spinal cord.

54
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles, letting fluid flow between them.

55
Q

central canal

A

tiny channel running down the middle of the spinal cord that continues the fluid flow from the fourth ventricle. example: CSF

56
Q

functions of the cerebral cortex

A

it is the thoughts and feelings that we have, it evolved last, responsible for thinking, memory, and control of movement

57
Q

describe corpus callosum in the cerebral cortex

A

it is a connecting set of fibers, its kinda big, connects axons between two hemispheres which allows them to communicate - makes sure both sides of the brain work together

58
Q

describe the forebrain

A

front part of your brain that controls important things like emotions, movement, and processing information.

59
Q

describe telencephalon in your forebrain

A

section that includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and ganglia

60
Q

describe the cerebral cortex in the forebrain

A

outer layer of the brain that handles thinking, problem-solving, and voluntary movements.

61
Q

describe limbic system in forebrain

A

Manages emotions, memories, and how we respond to things.

62
Q

describe basal ganglia in forebrain

A

Helps with movement and learning habits.

63
Q

describe the thalamus in the diencephalon

A

Acts like a relay station, sending sensory information (like touch and sound) to the right parts of the brain.

64
Q

describe the hypothalamus in the diencephalon

A

Controls body functions like hunger, thirst, and temperature. It also influences emotions and sleep.

65
Q

how many lobes in the telencephalon, how big

A

four, largest section of brain

66
Q

central sulcus in telencephalon

A

groove that runs through the central part of our brain

67
Q

lateral fissure in telencephalon

A

starts in side eye and back into brain also a dividing groove

68
Q

frontal lobe includes the

A

Primary motor cortex which controls movement.
Prefrontal cortex (including the orbitofrontal cortex) which handles attention, setting goals, and decision-making.

69
Q

describe the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex: Processes touch, pain, and temperature. Helps with some vision, especially understanding where things are (this is called the “dorsal” pathway).

70
Q

describe the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex: Processes sound. helps with learning, memory, and some aspects of vision (how we recognize things).

71
Q

describe the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex: Handles vision, allowing us to see and process what we’re looking at.

72
Q

explain the PTO junction

A

parietal temporal occipital
parietal helps w touch
temporal helps w hearing and memory
occipital helps w seeing

73
Q

explain the association cortex

A

takes info from diff senses and combines them so you can understand what happens around you. you become self aware

74
Q

limbic system explanation

A

part of brain that helps with emotions, memory, and controlling responses

75
Q

hippocampus explanation

A

helps with learning and storing memories

76
Q

the cingulate gyrus does what

A

controls attention and manages emotions

77
Q

the amygdala does what

A

handles emotions especially fear

78
Q

anterior cingulate gyrus does what

A

helps with self control and notices conflicts or problems

79
Q

the insula does what

A

handles feelings of disgust
the posterior part senses what happens inside your body
the anterior part gathers info and helps figure out what your body needs

80
Q

the fornix does what

A

helps with processing memories

81
Q

the basal ganglia is…

A

part of the brain that helps with habits and movements we’ve learned well like walking or typing

82
Q

what are the three main parts of the basal ganglia

A

globus pallidus, caudate, putamen

83
Q

the caudate and the putamen form what which helps with

A

striatum which helps with focus and self control

84
Q

the anterior cingulate gyrus and anterior insula do what in the striatum and what also helps with this?

A

they join with the basal ganglia to help manage self control and handle problems
the prefrontal lobe helps w this and decision-making and control

85
Q

how does the brain process info

A

top-down and bottom-up processing

86
Q

the nucleus accumbens is what and connects to

A

it is involved in feelings of pressure and drives
it connects to the hypothalamus and the VTA which also influence pleasure and motivation

87
Q

the diencephalon is what

A

part of brain that acts like a relay station by sending info to different areas

88
Q

in diencephalon, the thalamus…

A

is the main relay station that passes info to key parts of the brain like areas for thinking and sensory processing

89
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

sends visual info to brain / occipital lobe

90
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

sends auditory info to brain / temporal lobe

91
Q

ventral posterior nucleus

A

sends touch and body sensation info to the brain / primary somatosensory cortex

92
Q

ventral lateral nucleus

A

sends movement related info to motor areas of the brain / primary motor cortex

93
Q

the hypothalamus controls what

A

basic needs; hunger, thirst, and temperature
the ANS which handles breathing and heart rate like functions
and the endocrine system which manages hormones through the pituitary gland

94
Q

what parts of the brain does the hypothalamus communicate with

A

cortex and prefrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens
cingulate gyrus and limbic system
basal ganglia
lower brain

95
Q

what is the brainstem

A

the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions

96
Q

brainstem includes the diencephalon which is

A

a section w the thalamus and hypothalamus

97
Q

the midbrain helps with

A

movement, vision, and hearing

98
Q

the hindbrain does what

A

it includes parts like the cerebellum and medulla which control balance, coordination, and automatic functions like breathing

99
Q

the midbrain is a

A

small part of the brain that helps with vision, hearing, movement, and some basic reactions

100
Q

what do the superior and inferior colliculi do

A

superior helps with vision and inferior with hearing

101
Q

describe the periaqueductal gray matter

A

handles pain and instinctive behaviors

102
Q

describe the VTA

A

linked to feelings of pleasure and reward

103
Q

describe the substantia nigra

A

black susbtance
controls movement and when the axons degenerate this degenerates therefore can cause parkinsons disease / muscle degeneration

104
Q

describe the red nucleus

A

helps with movement, especially sudden ones like the startle reflex

105
Q

two main parts of the hindbrain and what they do

A

medulla and pons they both help control automatic body functions like HR and breathing
medulla monitors touch and body sensations
pons controls sleep and wake cycles

106
Q

the locus coerulues does what

A

helps with staying alert, paying attention and responding to stress / arousals

107
Q

reticular formation or reticular activating system explanation

A

controls arousal and filters sensory info

108
Q

the cerebellum does what

A

helps with balance, coordination, and movements you’ve practiced and learned

Semester 4 and 5 (5 decks)

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