Exam 3 - Immune Flashcards
nonspecific (innate) defense
ready to attack anything
tries to keep foreign thing localized
skin, mucous membranes
fast
can’t remember pathogen again in the future
specific (adaptive) defense
attacks a specific thing
specialized cells - B and T lymphocytes
lag time, slow
memory cells remember pathogen easily in the future
the skin is a dry ___ membrane and one of the ___ external nonspecific defenses and it also creates an ___ so if things land on the skin the pH of pathogen is disrupted
cutaneous, strongest, acidic environment
a mucous membrane lines all free body ___ and acts as a trap by ___ and also creates an ___ environment. it also secretes ___ enzymes which ___ proteins
cavities, secreting mucus, acidic, digestive, denature
phagocytes ___ foreign things through ___ and break them down
engulf, cellular extensions
macrophages started out as ___ that went through ____ there are ___ macrophages and ____ macrophages
monocytes, diapedesis, fixed, free
fixed macrophages are attached to the ___ in ___ of lymphoid organs
stroma, germinal centers
free macrophages are ____ and free in ____
unattached, fluids/interstitial space
neutrophils are ___ blood cells that circulate through our bodies, they dont become ___ until they encounter a ___
white, activated/phagocytic, pathogen
eosinophils are ___ that only attack ___ and are always in ____
white blood cells, parasitic worms, circulation
mast cells bind to and ingest ___ and use ___ to break them down
bacteria, lysosomes/enzymes
natural killer cells are ___ type of T lymphocyte that bind to and ___ our own body cells that have been infected by a ____ or are ____ they are also not phagocytic they are ____
nonspecific, lyse, virus, cancerous, lytic
inflammation is an internal, ____ immune response that attempts to stop the ___ of anything that has breached external defenses. it triggers the release of ___ that cause a bunch of lymphocytes to accumulate to do the actual repair and killing (set stage for repair) and its 4 cardinal signs are:
nonspecific, spread, chemicals/cytokines, redness, swelling, heat, pain
purpose of inflammation is to ___ foreign things that may have gotten in and stop them from ___ in the body
isolate, spreading
antimicrobial proteins either __ microorganisms or interfere with their ___ process the two examples are ___ and ____
kill, reproductive, Interferons (IFN) and complement protein system
interferons are a ___ that is secreted by an ___ cell, which protects its ___ cells
process:
virus infects a ___ –> virus replicates itself using ___ of host cell –> virus causes cell to ___ and release virus to ____ cells
chemical/protein, infected, neighboring, cell, dna, burst, neighboring
complement system is a group of more than 20 ___ proteins that are circulating in our ___ when they encounter something foreign they become ___ and they stimulate ___
inactive, blood, activated, inflammation
fever is the elevation of the whole body ___ it is a ___ response to infection that attempts to prevent ___ and its advantage is that it can slow down ___ of bacteria by ___ their enzymes
temperature, systemic, spreading, replication, inactivating
phagocytic mechanism:
1. phagocytic cell recognizes something as ___ bc of the ___ that are on it and are enhanced by ____
2. cell uses ___ to attach to the pathogen through ___
3. pathogen is pulled inside the cell in a ___ called a ____ which binds to lysosome to form a ___
4. lysosomal ___ digest the pathogen
5. ___ bodies are formed and then ___ from cell and put into ___ space
foreign, carbohydrate surface markers, opsonization, cytoplasmic extensions, adhesion, vacuole, phagosome, phagolysosome, enzymes, residual, expelled, interstitial
- NTK cells detect ___ or ___ cells through lack of correct ___ markers or presence of certain ___
- releases ____ that ___ a cell by ___ the cells plasma mem
- ___ appear in target cells and a ___ disintegrates
- cell is ___
infected, cancerous, self, sugars
perforins, kill, perforating
channels, nucleus
destroyed
Inflammatory mechanism:
1. __ like receptors on the surface of ___ are what allows them to recognize pathogens
2. these release ___ which promote ___ and attract ___
3. they also stimulate inflammatory mediators to release ___ such as ___ and ___
4. vessels in injured area ___ and increase ___
5. ___ occurs and ___ leaks out of blood vessels and accumulates which causes ___
toll, macrophages
cytokines, inflammation, wbcs
inflammatory mediator chemicals, histamine, prostaglandins
dilate, permeability
hyperemia, exudate, edema
redness and head are caused by accumulation of ___ caused by ___
blood, hyperemia
swelling is caused by accumulation of ___ which is ___ which is caused by ___
floods, edema, exudate
pain - as __ accumulate, ___ are stimulated caused by ___
fluids, nociceptors, edema
results of inflammation:
1. ___ cells at site of damage release ___
2. causes an increase in ___ released by ___
3. loss of fluids due to increased ___ of blood vessels ___ blood flow locally
4. causes production of ___
5. ___ occurs
6. neutrophils escape ___ into interstitial space and leave circulation through ___
7. inflammatory mediator chemicals act as ___ agents
8. ___ follow neutrophils and become ___ after diapedesis / leaving caps and clean up site via ___
injured, leukocytosis-inducing factors, neutrophils, red bone marrow, permeability, slows down, selectins, margination, capillaries, diapedesis, chemotactic, monocytes, macrophages, phagocytosis
- cells infected by virus release ___
- these diffuse and bind to ___ cells
- ___ protein synthesis is stimulated and produced by those neighboring cells
- this interferes w ___ pathway
- IFNS also activate ___ and ___
interferons (IFNs)
adjacent
PKR
viral replication pathway
macrophages and NTK cells
classical complement system
1. ___ bind to ___ and it is a ___ immune pathway that is activated by the __ immune system
2. ____ proteins bind to ___ pathogen complex through complement fixation
3. a series of ___ leads to ___, ___ and/or ___
antibodies, pathogens, nonspecific, specific
complement, antibody
reactions, lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation
alternative complement system
1. ___ proteins bind to ____ molecules on pathogens ___
2. series of ___ leads to ___, ___. and/or ___
this pathway doesn’t need activation
complement, polysaccharide, directly
reactions, lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation
fever mechanism:
1. when WBCs and ___ are exposed to pathogens, they secrete ___
2. these cause hypothalamus to ___ body temp
3. increased temp reduces amount of __ and ___ that is available
- we stop taking these out of storage bc bacteria will replicate w them
- important to know if sickness is viral or bacterial
macrophages, pyrogens
reset
iron, zinc
any disease causing agent in our body are
pathogens
any substances that promote an immune response are
antigens
immunogenicity is a stimulation of ___ in specific lymphocytes and ___ which activates the specific immune system to make ___ and __ lymphocytes
increase, antibodies, B and T
reactivity is the ability to __ with ___ lymphocytes or antibodies
react, activated
antigenic determinants are __ on the surface of a ___ causing something to be immunogenic and reactive
markers, foreign thing
MHC are ___ antigens
every cell has __ on its ___
MHC markers are not ___ meaning our own body cells don’t activate our immune system when they are normal and healthy
self
markers, surface
immunogenic
characteristics of specific immunity
___ specific
not immediately ___ meaning there is a ___
systemic meaning they can function ___ in body
provides ___
pathogen
active, lag time
anywhere
memory
humoral pathway of specific immunity
humoral = ___
involves production of ___
lymphocytes bind to: ___ pathogens and produce ___
act ___ meaning they only mark the pathogens to be __ with ___
fluid of body
antibodies
free floating, antibodies
indirectly
destroyed, antibodies
cell mediated immune response
lymphocytes bind to:
act ___ and they ___, ___ cells
pathogens
directly, lyse, infected
all lymphocytes are produced by ____ in ___ bone marrow
___ cells become immunocompetent in thymus
__ cells become immunocompetent in bone marrow
and thymus + bone marrow both are ____
these cells then mature in ___
lymphocytes ___ fully functional until bound w an antigen
lymphoid stem cells, red
T
B
primary lymphoid organs
secondary lymphoid organs
are not
naive immunocompetent cells: genetics determines the ___ to recognize something
they reside in ___ lymphoid organs
ability, secondary
antigen presenting cells are any cell that has __ on its surfaces and its these that activate the __ and __ lymphocytes
antigens, B, T
primary humoral response:
1. ___ antigen binds w surface receptors on naive immunocompetent __ lymphocyte
2. __ selection occurs
3. most clones become __ cells which produce ___ that just __ for destruction
4. some clone cells become __ cells
free floating, B
clonal
plasma, antibodies, mark
memory
titer is the measure of the amount of __ in the ___
antibodies, blood
secondary humoral response
1. this occurs the __ time we are infected
2. same mechanism as ___
3. antibodies last ___
4. more __ are produced and titer is much __
5. immune response is __, lasts __, and it is more __
2nd
primary
months
antibodies
higher
faster, longer, effective
activate immunity :
antigens that activate cells to evoke __ response, produce ___ and then __ cells are produced
our ___ produced and activated these
immune, antibodies, memory
own body
passive immunity:
get antibodies that we ___ produce they come from a ___ source
did not
exogenous / external
natural active:
body is infected and responds by producing ___
antibodies
recovering from chicken pox
natural passive:
natural but ___ in body
put
mom passes on antibodies to baby through placenta/breastfeeding
artificial active: get weakened organism that will have __that will cause the body to produce ___
antigens, antibodies
flu vaccine
artificial passive:
___ antibodies
injecting
monoclonal antibodies
antibody structure:
complex ___ that have __ subunits
heavy chains are proteins w __ subunits that are ___
light chains are __ identical on the ___
proteins, 4
2, identical
2, outside
variable region is ___ and will determine what antibody can attach to because it contains ___ and it is the __ of Y
different
antigen binding site
top
constant region is the __ and contains the ___ chain and determines how the __ is destroyed and is the ___ of Y
same
heavy
antigen
bottom
antigen binding site is the top of __ region and where the __ binds and __ proteins will bind to this and kill it
variable, antigen, complement
IgD is a ___ and it is basically the receptors on the surface of the ___ lymphocytes
monomer, B
IgG is a ___ and it is the most ___ and it is produced in the __ response and the ___ secondary response and these can cross ___
monomer, abundant, late primary, early, placenta
IgE is a ___ and its constant region binds to ___ cells or ___ and they cause the release of __ which triggers ___
IgG:IgE ratio is important in people will allergies because____
monomer, mast, basophils, histamine, inflammation, people w allergies produce more IgEs than IgGs
IgA is a ___ found in ___ and other bodily secretions. they bind to antigens before the antigen can get on ___ surfaces which prevent their entry into the body and it just kind of ___ them together
dimer, mucus, epithelial, dumps
IgM is a ___ and is the __ antibody secreted by __ cells during the ___ immune response and it indicates that you were ___ infected and constant region fixes ___ protein also causes ___
pentomer, first, plasma, primary, recently, complement, agglutination
the function of antibodies are determined by the ___ region on the antibody
antigen-antibody complex does ___ destroy directly and ___ system can now bind
__ lymphocytes can now bind
they provide site for binding of ___ proteins
block sites on pathogens through ___
causes clumping of antigen-containing cells through ___
causes clumping of ___
constant, not, complement, B, complement, neutralization, agglutination, soluble antigen molecules
monoclonal antibodies are ___ prepared and used in immunization and ___ often used as part of ___ treatment and usually created by ___
commercially, research, cancer, bacteria
cells mediated immune response goes after things that have already ___ our cells
1. ___ lymphocyte binds w antigen infected ___ cell and needs to have a __ binding
2. ___ signals are present which are secreted from __ binding and activate __ cells
3. T cells are ___
4. __ are produced
5. some become __ cells
infected
T, body, 2nd
costimulatory, 2nd, T
activated
clones
memory
natural killers t cells are ___ and have ___ surface receptors
nonspecific, glycol-protein
helper t cells are ___ and act as ___ cells they attack body cells that express ___ and activates __ t cells and ___ lymphocytes
CD4, regulatory, bacteria, killer, b
cytotoxic cells are __ and attack body cells that have __ infection or ___ they directly ___ and ___ cells for which they have a ___ they attack and bind class __ MHC and also secretes ___ chemicals and is stimulated by the release of ___
CD8, viral, cancer, attack, kill, receptor, I, lytic, co stimulatory
suppressor cells are a ___ cell that when activated, they cytokines they release ___ b cells and t cells they conserve __ when we don’t need an immune response
regulatory, shut off, energy
Class I MHC are ___ and ___ receptors on T cells bind to these
endogenous, CD8
cancer starts to replicate
Class II MHC is ___and ___ receptors on T cells attack these
which lymphocytes are involved?
exogenous, Cd4, both
bacteria that got into the body
immunodeficiencies are any condition that causes immune cells to behave ___ and ___ in number of immune cells
abnormally, decrease
autoimmune diseases: our immune cells attack our own ___ cells and we have an inability to ___ self cells from non self cells
self, differentiate
hypersensitivities are responses to ___
allergies
allergens are a substance that causes an ___
allergic reaction
SCIDS is a ___ immunodeficiency in which body cant produce __ and __ lymphocytes bc of missing ___
weak __ system
congenital, B, T, dna/enzymes, immune
AIDS is an __ immunodeficiency, like __, it is brought abt by __ to ___ virus that destroys ___ t cells
HIV, exposure, HIV, helper
autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, graves disease, juvenile diabetes, type 1 lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
multiple sclerosis ___ ____ matter of brain
attacks, white
myasthenia gravis attakcs the ___ junctions in ___ muscle and you lose ___ muscular control
neuromuscular, skeletal, voluntary
graves disease attacks ___ gland and you have __ eyeballs
thyroid, bulgy
juvenile diabetes type 1 attacks ___ cells which means there is a ___ in available insulin production
pancreatic, decrease
lupus attacks __ cells, ___, ___, skin
leaves marks that look like ___ bites
___ rash
skin, kidneys, heart
wolf
butterfly
rheumatoid arthritis attacks the ___ membrane of ___
synovial, joints
three types of hypersensitivities
immediate, subacute, delayed
immediate hypersensitivity is ___ and an example is ___
immediate, anaphylaxis
subacute ___ hours after exposure like a ___
1-3, blood transfusion
delayed hypersensitivity: ___ after exposure, like a __
1-3 days, poison ivy
four types of transplants
isograft, autograft, allograft, xenograft
isograft comes from ___ and same ___ marker
identical twin, MHC
autograft comes from __
uses tissue of ___ person
another body part, same
allograft have to get from someone with ___ of our own
like a ___
close resemblance
cousin
xenograft comes from a ___
different species
