Exam 3 - Immune Flashcards
nonspecific (innate) defense
ready to attack anything
tries to keep foreign thing localized
skin, mucous membranes
fast
can’t remember pathogen again in the future
specific (adaptive) defense
attacks a specific thing
specialized cells - B and T lymphocytes
lag time, slow
memory cells remember pathogen easily in the future
the skin is a dry ___ membrane and one of the ___ external nonspecific defenses and it also creates an ___ so if things land on the skin the pH of pathogen is disrupted
cutaneous, strongest, acidic environment
a mucous membrane lines all free body ___ and acts as a trap by ___ and also creates an ___ environment. it also secretes ___ enzymes which ___ proteins
cavities, secreting mucus, acidic, digestive, denature
phagocytes ___ foreign things through ___ and break them down
engulf, cellular extensions
macrophages started out as ___ that went through ____ there are ___ macrophages and ____ macrophages
monocytes, diapedesis, fixed, free
fixed macrophages are attached to the ___ in ___ of lymphoid organs
stroma, germinal centers
free macrophages are ____ and free in ____
unattached, fluids/interstitial space
neutrophils are ___ blood cells that circulate through our bodies, they dont become ___ until they encounter a ___
white, activated/phagocytic, pathogen
eosinophils are ___ that only attack ___ and are always in ____
white blood cells, parasitic worms, circulation
mast cells bind to and ingest ___ and use ___ to break them down
bacteria, lysosomes/enzymes
natural killer cells are ___ type of T lymphocyte that bind to and ___ our own body cells that have been infected by a ____ or are ____ they are also not phagocytic they are ____
nonspecific, lyse, virus, cancerous, lytic
inflammation is an internal, ____ immune response that attempts to stop the ___ of anything that has breached external defenses. it triggers the release of ___ that cause a bunch of lymphocytes to accumulate to do the actual repair and killing (set stage for repair) and its 4 cardinal signs are:
nonspecific, spread, chemicals/cytokines, redness, swelling, heat, pain
purpose of inflammation is to ___ foreign things that may have gotten in and stop them from ___ in the body
isolate, spreading
antimicrobial proteins either __ microorganisms or interfere with their ___ process the two examples are ___ and ____
kill, reproductive, Interferons (IFN) and complement protein system
interferons are a ___ that is secreted by an ___ cell, which protects its ___ cells
process:
virus infects a ___ –> virus replicates itself using ___ of host cell –> virus causes cell to ___ and release virus to ____ cells
chemical/protein, infected, neighboring, cell, dna, burst, neighboring
complement system is a group of more than 20 ___ proteins that are circulating in our ___ when they encounter something foreign they become ___ and they stimulate ___
inactive, blood, activated, inflammation
fever is the elevation of the whole body ___ it is a ___ response to infection that attempts to prevent ___ and its advantage is that it can slow down ___ of bacteria by ___ their enzymes
temperature, systemic, spreading, replication, inactivating
phagocytic mechanism:
1. phagocytic cell recognizes something as ___ bc of the ___ that are on it and are enhanced by ____
2. cell uses ___ to attach to the pathogen through ___
3. pathogen is pulled inside the cell in a ___ called a ____ which binds to lysosome to form a ___
4. lysosomal ___ digest the pathogen
5. ___ bodies are formed and then ___ from cell and put into ___ space
foreign, carbohydrate surface markers, opsonization, cytoplasmic extensions, adhesion, vacuole, phagosome, phagolysosome, enzymes, residual, expelled, interstitial
- NTK cells detect ___ or ___ cells through lack of correct ___ markers or presence of certain ___
- releases ____ that ___ a cell by ___ the cells plasma mem
- ___ appear in target cells and a ___ disintegrates
- cell is ___
infected, cancerous, self, sugars
perforins, kill, perforating
channels, nucleus
destroyed
Inflammatory mechanism:
1. __ like receptors on the surface of ___ are what allows them to recognize pathogens
2. these release ___ which promote ___ and attract ___
3. they also stimulate inflammatory mediators to release ___ such as ___ and ___
4. vessels in injured area ___ and increase ___
5. ___ occurs and ___ leaks out of blood vessels and accumulates which causes ___
toll, macrophages
cytokines, inflammation, wbcs
inflammatory mediator chemicals, histamine, prostaglandins
dilate, permeability
hyperemia, exudate, edema
redness and head are caused by accumulation of ___ caused by ___
blood, hyperemia
swelling is caused by accumulation of ___ which is ___ which is caused by ___
floods, edema, exudate
pain - as __ accumulate, ___ are stimulated caused by ___
fluids, nociceptors, edema
results of inflammation:
1. ___ cells at site of damage release ___
2. causes an increase in ___ released by ___
3. loss of fluids due to increased ___ of blood vessels ___ blood flow locally
4. causes production of ___
5. ___ occurs
6. neutrophils escape ___ into interstitial space and leave circulation through ___
7. inflammatory mediator chemicals act as ___ agents
8. ___ follow neutrophils and become ___ after diapedesis / leaving caps and clean up site via ___
injured, leukocytosis-inducing factors, neutrophils, red bone marrow, permeability, slows down, selectins, margination, capillaries, diapedesis, chemotactic, monocytes, macrophages, phagocytosis
- cells infected by virus release ___
- these diffuse and bind to ___ cells
- ___ protein synthesis is stimulated and produced by those neighboring cells
- this interferes w ___ pathway
- IFNS also activate ___ and ___
interferons (IFNs)
adjacent
PKR
viral replication pathway
macrophages and NTK cells
classical complement system
1. ___ bind to ___ and it is a ___ immune pathway that is activated by the __ immune system
2. ____ proteins bind to ___ pathogen complex through complement fixation
3. a series of ___ leads to ___, ___ and/or ___
antibodies, pathogens, nonspecific, specific
complement, antibody
reactions, lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation
alternative complement system
1. ___ proteins bind to ____ molecules on pathogens ___
2. series of ___ leads to ___, ___. and/or ___
this pathway doesn’t need activation
complement, polysaccharide, directly
reactions, lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation
fever mechanism:
1. when WBCs and ___ are exposed to pathogens, they secrete ___
2. these cause hypothalamus to ___ body temp
3. increased temp reduces amount of __ and ___ that is available
- we stop taking these out of storage bc bacteria will replicate w them
- important to know if sickness is viral or bacterial
macrophages, pyrogens
reset
iron, zinc
any disease causing agent in our body are
pathogens
any substances that promote an immune response are
antigens
immunogenicity is a stimulation of ___ in specific lymphocytes and ___ which activates the specific immune system to make ___ and __ lymphocytes
increase, antibodies, B and T
reactivity is the ability to __ with ___ lymphocytes or antibodies
react, activated
antigenic determinants are __ on the surface of a ___ causing something to be immunogenic and reactive
markers, foreign thing
MHC are ___ antigens
every cell has __ on its ___
MHC markers are not ___ meaning our own body cells don’t activate our immune system when they are normal and healthy
self
markers, surface
immunogenic
characteristics of specific immunity
___ specific
not immediately ___ meaning there is a ___
systemic meaning they can function ___ in body
provides ___
pathogen
active, lag time
anywhere
memory
