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Semester 4 and 5 > Exam 3 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

the respiratory system is tightly linked with _____

A

cellular respiration

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2
Q

the respiratory system functions to carry ___ and ___ & allows for an ___ of these things

A

oxygen, wastes, exchange

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3
Q

Pulmonary Respiration is the movement of ___ into and out of the ___ and it includes ___ and ___

A

air, lungs, inspiration, expiration

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4
Q

External Respiration involves taking oxygen out of the ___ and bringing it into the ___ and taking carbon dioxide out of the ___ and putting it into the ___

A

lungs, blood, blood lungs

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5
Q

Gaseous Transport is the ___ of gasses through the ___

A

circulation, body

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6
Q

Internal Respiration is the exchange between the ___ system and the ___ of the body
it involves taking oxygen out of the ___ and moving it into the ___ and taking carbon dioxide out of the ___ and into the ___

A

circulatory, tissues, capillaries, tissues, tissues, capillaries

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7
Q

Respiratory Apparatus Pathway first part
1. Normal path for entry of air is through the ___
2. air passes through the __ cavity which connects to the ____ which merges with the ___
3. Air passes through the ___ which splits into two ___ bronchi which go to each of the ___

A

nose
nasal
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary
lungs

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8
Q

Respiratory Apparatus Continued
1. the primary bronchi branch to become ___ which go to each __ of lungs
2. these branch to form ___ bronchi which branch to form ___
3. these branch to __ bronchioles which branch to ___ bronchioles
4. these dead end into little sacs called ___

A

secondary bronchi
lobe
tertiary
bronchioles
terminal
respiratory
alveoli

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9
Q

The Conducting Zone consists of ___ structures which ___ air and it ___, ___, and ___ it
it includes the ___, __ cavity, ___, ___, ___, all of the ___, ___, and ____ bronchioles

A

rigid, move, humidifies, heats, filters
nose, nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal

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10
Q

Respiratory Zone is the site where __ respiration takes place. It includes only the ___ bronchioles and the __ which are both ___ structures

A

external, respiratory, alveoli, microscopic

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11
Q

Respiratory Actions of the nose are

A

passageway, warmth + moisture, filters w vibrissae hair

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12
Q

Nonrespiratory actions of the nose are

A

resonating chamber (gives tonal quality to voice) and olfactory receptors

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13
Q

describe the external nares of the nasal cavity

A

aka nostrils, serve as entryway

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14
Q

describe the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

immediately inside external nares, have vibrissae and mucus

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15
Q

describe the vibrissae of the nasal cavity

A

thick, short, coarse hairs in nose that filter

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16
Q

describe the internal nares of the nasal cavity

A

posterior nasal aperture that helps move air in a controlled way

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17
Q

describe the paranasal sinuses of the nasal cavity

A

echoes voice + gives tonal quality
lightens skull
air is heated and moistened here

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18
Q

the oral and nasal cavity are separated by the…

A

soft/fleshy & bony/hard palate

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19
Q

the palate allows us to

A

breathe while we eat

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20
Q

the olfactory mucosa is where the olfactory____ are located

A

chemoreceptors

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21
Q

the respiratory mucosa is composed of ___ and __ sweep particles toward the ___ which causes it to __ so we __ and expel the particles

A

PCEE, cilia, throat, itch, cough

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22
Q

associated cells with the nasal mucosae

A

goblet, mucous glands, serous glands, defensins

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23
Q

goblet cells are ___ and they produce ___

A

unicellular, mucus

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24
Q

mucous glands are ___ and they ___, produce ___, and ___ to destroy ___

A

multicellular, protect, mucus, enzymes, bacteria

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25
Q

serous glands are ___, they produce ___ and ___ to ___ bacteria

A

protective, mucus, enzymes, destroy

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26
Q

defensins are ___ produced ____ which ___ bacteria

A

normally, antibodies, break apart

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27
Q

the pharynx is a

A

common structure between nasal and oral cavities

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28
Q

the nasopharynx is associated with the ___ and is where ___ passes through which is composed of ___

A

nasal cavity, air, PCEE

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29
Q

name the associated structures with the nasopharynx

A

uvula and pharyngotympanic tubules

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30
Q

when we ___, the uvula pivots backward and closes off the ___ from the ___ cavity which prevents ___ from going the ___ direction

A

swallow, nasopharynx, nasal, food, wrong

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31
Q

the pharyngotympanic tubules connect our ___ to the ___ and it equalizes ___ in the ___ to the ___ pressure. at the end thats closest to the nasopharynx, the openings of these tubes are surrounded by a ___ that can trap ___

A

middle ear, nasopharynx, pressure, middle ear, atmospheric, tonsil, pathogens

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32
Q

the oropharynx is associated with the ___ cavity and both __ and __ pass through here. it switches from ___ to ___ because food can be abrasive
includes ___ which are its arch and cause our food to go down

A

oral, food, air, PCEE, stratified squamous, fauces

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33
Q

the laryngopharynx is associated with the ___ and __ and __ travel through and get __ here. food goes down the ___ and air goes down the ___ it is composed of ____ epithelium

A

larynx, food, air, separated, esophagus, trachea, stratified squamous

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34
Q

larynx, aka adam’s apple/voice box, is a rigid structure composed of ___ and the ___ bone that produces ___

A

hyaline cartilage, hyoid, voice

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35
Q

the larynx provides an ___ airway and keeps it like so because of the ___ of the tissues that make it up

A

open, rigidity

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36
Q

the larynx directs food and air so the epiglottis stays open when we’re ___ and air goes down the ___ but when we are eating the ___ covers the ___ so that food will be directed down the ___

A

breathing, trachea, epiglottis, trachea, esophagus

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37
Q

what are the 3 vocal structures

A

(true) vocal folds, glottis, (false) vocal folds/vestibular folds

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38
Q

in vocal folds, as __ passes by these folds on its way ___, they __ and a buzzing sound is produced. this then echoes and resonates and gets converted to the ___ that we hear

A

air, out, vibrate, sounds

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39
Q

the glottis is the ___ of the larynx

A

opening

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40
Q

the vestibular folds, change the ___ of the opening and the ___ on the true vocal folds; these contain the ____ that contract the ___

A

size, tension, muscles, vocal folds

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41
Q

the trachea is composed of rings of ____ cartilage in the shape of a ___ which prevent it from collapsing by keeping it __ and ___, the back portion of these rings is composed of ____ and the ___ wall of the trachea is also the __ wall of the esophagus so when we don’t swallow the esophagus is ___ and when we do swallow we have to extend the ___ which is why ___ shape is important

A

hyaline, C, open, rigid, smooth muscle, back, front, flat, trachea, C

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42
Q

the carina is the ___ tracheal cartilage which is a weird shaped piece of ___ cartilage located at the division of the two primary bronchi

A

last, hyaline

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43
Q

what are the 3 tracheal layers

A

mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

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44
Q

the mucosa is composed of ___ and has ____ cells associated and things can get trapped in the ____ which will push particles up toward the throat

A

PCCE, goblet, cilia/mucus

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45
Q

the submucosa is beneath the ___ and is compsoed of ___ CT

A

mucosa, deep irregular

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46
Q

the adventitia is deep to the ___ and tracheal cartilage is ___ cartilage

A

submucosa, hyaline

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47
Q

describe the primary bronchi

A

cuboidal epithelium 2 bronchioles on each side

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48
Q

describe the secondary bronchi

A

2 on L, 3 on R
one extends into each side

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49
Q

describe the tertiary bronchi

A

branch off secondary

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50
Q

describe the bronchioles

A

branch off tertiary

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51
Q

describe the terminal bronchioles

A

branch off bronchioles

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52
Q

describe respiratory bronchioles

A

start of respiratory zone
gas exchange
connect to alveoli

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53
Q

what is the structure of the lungs

A

pleural cavities, cardiac notch, lobes and alveoli

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54
Q

describe the pleural cavities

A

contains lungs and heart sits in the middle of this but has its own sac

55
Q

describe the cardiac notch

A

heart takes up one of the lungs lobes on L side

56
Q

describe the lobes of the lungs

A

2 on L, 3 on R

57
Q

describe the alveoli of the lungs

A

little sacs where gas exchange occurs
2 cell layers and is a functional unit

58
Q

components of alveolar structure

A

type I and II cells, pulmonary caps, resp membrane, alveolar pores, alveolar macrophages

59
Q

the type I cells of alveolar structure are made up of ___ and they make up the wall they are more ___ than type II and it is a ___ layer which is good for ___

A

simple squamous, abundant, thin, exchange

60
Q

pulmonary capillaries of alveolar structure surround ___ cells

A

type I

61
Q

the resp membrane of alveolar structure are around __ cells and ___ and it is where gasses must ___ for ___ to occur

A

type I, pulmonary caps, cross, exchange

62
Q

type II cells are ___ and secrete ___ to reduce surface ___ of fluid and is less abundant than ___ and facilitates with __ transfer

A

cuboidal, surfactant, tension, type I, gas

63
Q

alveolar pores connect neighboring __ to equalize __ in the lungs

A

alveoli, pressure

64
Q

alveolar macrophages clean exchange ___ and it is the last chance to remove __ before they get into the ___

A

membrane, pathogens, bloodstream

65
Q

the pleurae is a __ layered __ membrane

A

double, serous

66
Q

the parietal pleura belongs to the ___ and lines the inside of the ___ cavity

A

cavity, thoracic

67
Q

the visceral pleura belongs to the ___ and it is the covering of the ___

A

organ, lungs

68
Q

the pleural cavity is the ___ between parietal and visceral pleura

A

space

69
Q

pleural fluid is the fluid within the ___

A

pleural cavity

70
Q

why are the pleural fluids important for lung functioning

A

it allows for lung expansion when the thoracic cavity expands it basically is a glue that makes the lungs stick to the thoracic cavity in order to follow its shape

71
Q

pulmonary ventilation consists of ___ which is moving air ___ lungs and ___ which is moving air ___ lungs

A

inspiration, into, expiration, out of

72
Q

pulmonary ventilation is regulated by ___,___,___,___,___

A

pressure, volume, resistance, surface tension, compliance

73
Q

pressure is air moving from ___ to ___ pressure and when atmospheric pressure is ___ than the pressure inside our lungs, air will move INTO the lungs

A

high, low, higher

74
Q

as volume increases, pressure ___
as volume decreases, pressure ___

A

decreases, increases

75
Q

resistance in tube is normally ___ and certain conditions can cause them to ___ which will ___ resistance and resistance is basically ____

A

zero, constrict, increase, friction

76
Q

surface tension is the ___ resistance to ___ movement, and as it increases, the amount of air that can pass through ___
type ___ cells release ___ which reduce surface tension

A

liquid, gas, decreases, II, surfactants

77
Q

compliance is the ___ of the lungs which change their size which changes the ___ inside and causes the movement of __
the higher the compliance of lungs, the __ the ability to change their ___

A

stretchiness, pressure, air, greater, volume

78
Q

types of pressure

A

atmospheric, intrapulmonary, intrapleural, transpulmonary

79
Q

atmospheric pressure is the pressure ___ our bodies and on average it is about __ mmHg which stays relatively ____

A

outside, 760, constant

80
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is inside the ___ of the ___ which changes when we ___

A

alveoli, lungs, breathe

81
Q

intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the ___ which is ___ our lungs and its what changes to then allow the lungs to change

A

pleural cavity, outside

82
Q

transpulmonary pressure is the difference between ___ and ___ pressure which is always ___ than ___
it is responsible for keeping the lungs from ___

A

interpleural, intrapulmonary, greater, interpleural, collapsing

83
Q

boyles law is the relationship between __ and ___ which are __ related
when we inhale, the thoracic cavity ___ and when we exhale it ___

A

volume, pressure, inversely,expands, compresses

84
Q

equation for boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

85
Q

inspiration: when we have a muscular ___ which separates the __ cavity from the ___ cavity. we also have muscles between the ribs called the ____. when we are going to breathe the inspiratory muscles ___ which are the ___ + ____

A

contraction, thoracic, abdominal, external intercostal muscles, contract, diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

86
Q

inspiration: as the diaphragm contracts, it pulls __ which results in an ___ in thoracic cavity volume and when the intercostal muscles contract, they pull ___ which results in an ___ in thoracic cavity volume

A

down, increase, up, increase

87
Q

inspiration: lungs get stretched because the ___ holds them to the ___ wall and therefore ___ pressure drops and atmospheric gasses move ___

A

pleural fluid, thoracic, intrapulmonary, in

88
Q

expiration: diaphragm and intercostal muscles return to their __ state and thoracic cavity is ___ so ___ pressure increases and gasses move __ of lungs

A

relaxed, compressed, intrapulmonary, out

89
Q

tidal volume is your

A

normal breathing

90
Q

inspiratory reserve volume is a

A

big breath in
when we need more air
up to 6x more on top of tidal volume

91
Q

expiratory reserve volume is ___ and lungs must always be ___

A

pushing more air out
but we cant push as much out bc lungs could collapse
lungs must always be inflated

92
Q

residual volume is

A

the amount of air that remains in lungs even when we exhale as hard as we can to keep alveoli open and maintain gas exchange to prevent lungs from collapsing

93
Q

anatomical dead space is

A

conducting zone
doesn’t contribute to gas exchange as it is stuck in passageway

94
Q

inspiratory capacity is

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve

95
Q

functional residual capacity is

A

air remaining in lungs

96
Q

vital capacity is

A

all moveable air

97
Q

total lung capacity is

A

vital capacity + residual volume

98
Q

non resp air movements

A

coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccuping, yawning

99
Q

dalton’s law states that the pressure exerted by a __ of gasses is the __ of the __ of each individual gas
partial pressure of any gas in a mixture is __ proportional to its ___ composition

A

mixture, sum, pressures, directly, percentage

100
Q

external respiration in daltons law for oxygen: alveolar PO2 is ___ mmHg and pulmonary capillary PO2 is __ mmHg. gasses move from __ to __ and pressure of O2 is higher in the __ than in the __ so O2 diffuses into the blood until an equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached

A

104, 40 high, low, lungs, capillaries, 104

101
Q

external respiration in daltons law for carbon dioxide:
alveolar PO2 is __ mmHg
pulmonary capillary PO2 is __ mmHg
pressure of CO2 is higher in the __ than in the __ so it will leave the __, pass through the __ membrane and enter the __ sac
CO2 diffuses __ of blood until equilibrium of __ mmHg is reached

A

40
45
capillaries, lungs
capillary, respiratory, alveolar
40

102
Q

henry’s law states that when a mixture of gasses comes in contact with a __, each gas dissolves in it in proportion to its ___ and the higher the pressure of a gas, the __ of it we can get into the ___

A

liquid, partial pressure, more, liquid

103
Q

factors affecting external respiration

A

partial pressure, solubility, ventilation-perfusion coupling, respiratory membrane surface areas, thickness

104
Q

partial pressure: anything that affects the __ gradient will affect ___
the __ the gradient the __ the exchange

A

pressure, exchange, greater, greater

105
Q

solubility: the __ the solubility, the __ the amount of exchange

A

higher, higher

106
Q

ventilation =

A

breathing

107
Q

perfusion =

A

exchange

108
Q

in ventilation perfusion we pair __ flow with __ availability which in turn affects the amount of __ which is the __ throughout the body that can occur and this is our body’s mechanism that makes sure we are delivering __ to where its needed by reducing the amount of __ sent to areas that dont need it

A

blood, ventilation, perfusion, blood flow, oxygen, blood

109
Q

respiratory mem: arrangement of lungs into numerous tiny __ increases ___ for exchange
ex. is emphysema which involves the __ of alveoli, so the amount of exchange is ___

A

sacs, surface area, destruction, reduced

110
Q

thickness: increased amount of fluid makes it __ for gasses to transfer across
ex___

A

harder, pneumonia

111
Q

gaseous transport is a function of the __ system to deliver __

A

circulatory, gases

112
Q

oxygen is bound to ___ portion of hemoglobin and about 98% is transported as ___ and remaining amount is transported in __

A

heme, oxyhemoglobin, plasma

113
Q

carbon dioxide is bound as ___ and most is in the ___ (__%) and of that found there only about 10% stays as __ and the rest is converted into ___

A

carbaminohemoglobin, plasma, 80%, Co2, bicarbonate

114
Q

the haldane effect: Co2 transport __ when there is low O2 and the presence of it actually suppresses CO2 and if the amt of Co2 increases, the __ of blood can change

A

increases, pH

115
Q

the blood buffer system is

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer

116
Q

blood buffer: one of the most __ buffers in regulating blood pH
carbonic acid quickly dissociates into __ and __ which is a buffer that helps stabilize the pH of blood
formula:

A

important, H+, HCo3-
H2CO3

117
Q

internal respiration oxygen:
partial pressure of O2 in caps is __ mmHg
partial pressure of O2 in tissues is __ mmHg
oxygen diffuses out of blood until equilibrium of __ mmHg is reached

A

104, 40, 40

118
Q

internal respiration carbon dioxide:
co2 at pressure of __ mmHg in blood
co2 at pressure of __ mmHg in tissues
co2 moves out of tissues into blood until equilibrium of __ mmHg is reached

A

40,45,40

119
Q

what is eupnea

A

normal rhythm of breathing

120
Q

normal rate of respiration is __ to __ bpm and it is set by the ___
there is a component of the __ called the __ center and part of it is composed of a group of ___ called the ___

A

12,15, brain, medulla, inspiratory, neurons, VRG (ventral resp group)

121
Q

the VRG sends a neural signal down the __ and __ nerves which stimulates the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to ___
__ occurs
thorax __
pressure __
air rushes __ lungs

A

phrenic, intercostal
contract
inspiration
expands
decreases
into

122
Q

when VRG becomes dormant….
___ occurs
thorax ___
pressure ___
air rushes __ lungs

A

expiration
compresses
increases
out of

123
Q

VRG assistants

A

DRG and PRG

124
Q

the DRG is another part of the ___ which assists the VRG when we need to have __ breathing it affects the __ and __ of breathing

A

medulla/respiratory center, strenuous, rate, depth

125
Q

the PRG is another assistant located in the ___ which assists/inhibits the VRG and it ___ our breathing and __ more essentially causing breathing to become more ___

A

pons, slows down, exhale more, shallow

126
Q

irritant reflexes are

A

irritants that cause coughing
they cause constriction and interruption of breathing

127
Q

hering breuer reflex stops ___ and it is a ___ measure to make sure lungs dont ___ it activates ___ and inhibits ___

A

inhalation, protective, overextend, baroreceptors/stretch receptors, VRG

128
Q

hypothalamic controls have to do with

A

pain, amygdala, and subconscious /involuntary control
when you are super happy / excited breathing rate speeds up
when sad breathing rate goes down

129
Q

conscious controls example

A

cerebral cortex can override and control skeletal muscle to take a deep breath

130
Q

chemical controls ___ to medulla

A

send signals
chemoreceptors that track pH, O2, CO2

131
Q

obstructive emphysema is the destruction of ___ and reduces __ area and __ exchange it is caused by __

A

alveoli, surface, gas, smoking

132
Q

chronic bronchitis is when we have excess __ in the bronchial tree due to the presence of atmospheric __

A

mucus, irritants

133
Q

asthma is the inflammation of the __ and it becomes ___ so it allows __ air to pass

A

airway, constricted, less

134
Q

tuberculosis is a highly infectious __ infection of the ___
Causes __ of calcium to form around bacteria which protect the bacteria and can __

A

bacterial, lungs, cysts, replicate

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