Physio - Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the 5 functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Circulate blood
Supply nutrition to cells
Remove metabolic waste to excretory organs
Transport hormones
Help regulate temperature

Question 2

What are the lower chambers of the heart

Answer 2

Ventricles

Question 3

What divides the left and right side of the heart

Answer 3

Septum

Question 4

What are the upper chambers of the heart

Answer 4

Atriums

Question 5

What are the 3 layers of cardiac tissue

Answer 5

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 6

What is the pericardium

Answer 6

A thin outer layer that surrounds the heart

Question 7

What is the Myocardium

Answer 7

A thick layer of contractile tissue

Question 8

What is the Endocardium

Answer 8

A thin inner layer that lines the chambers and valves of the heart
or
A thin inner layer which lines the inside of the heart

Question 9

What are cardiomyocytes and a key feature

Answer 9

Cardiac muscle cells, contain many mitochondria

Question 10

What are syncytium

Answer 10

A single cell containing multiple nuclei, created by the fusion of several cells

Question 11

What are the gap junctions

Answer 11

Parts of intercalated discs that allow stimulation to transfer from one cell to another cell

Question 12

What are desmosomes

Answer 12

Structures that hold cells together in contraction

Question 13

Describe the flow of blood, starting from the pulmonary vein

Answer 13

O2: pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
CO2: vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs

Question 14

What does the neural conduction system consist of

Answer 14

Sinoatrial node (SA)
Atrioventricular node (AV)
Atrioventricular bundle
Purkinje fibres

Question 15

Describe the flow of the neural conduction system

Answer 15

SA node sends a signal to both atriums
The atriums contract
AV node sends a signal down the atrioventricular bundle and purkinje fibres
The ventricles contract
SA node sends another signal to both atriums to contract

Question 16

Describe the sinoatrial node (SA)

Answer 16

A collection of specialised cells located on the right atrium

Question 17

Where is the atrioventricular node (AV) located, and what does it do

Answer 17

Located in the atrioventricular septum
It delays the impulse by ~120 ms

Question 18

What is the role of the atrioventricular bundle

Answer 18

It transmits the impulse from the AV node to the purkinje fibres

Question 19

Describe the purkinje fibres

Answer 19

A network of specialized cells, abundant with glycogen.
It transmits the impulse to the cardiac muscles on the ventricles to contract

Question 19

What establishes heart rate

Answer 19

The SA node, hormones, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 20

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Answer 20

Sympathetic NS is triggered during stress, increased HR
Parasympathetic NS is triggered during rest, decreased HR

Question 21

What is systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 21

Systolic pressure is the pressure exerted onto the arterial walls during a heartbeat
Diastolic pressure is the pressure exerted onto the arterial walls between heart beats

Question 22

What is a normal value for systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 22

Systolic: 90-120 mmHg
Diastolic: 60-80 mmHg
120/80 mmHg

Question 23

What is the composition of air

Answer 23

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
0.04% Carbon dioxide
0.06% other

Question 24

Tachycardia refers to a heart beat over

Answer 24

100 bpm

Question 25

On an ECG, what does the P wave represent

Answer 25

Atrial depolarisation

Question 26

On an ECG, what does the QRS complex represent

Answer 26

Depolarisation of the ventricles

Question 27

On an ECG, what does the T wave represent

Answer 27

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 28

What are the main components of an ECG

Answer 28

P wave
QRS complex
T wave