Physio - Blood

Question 1

What are the main functions of the blood

Answer 1

Transport i.e. gases, hormones, etc
Regulation i.e. pH, water balance, etc
Protection i.e. white blood cells, clotting, etc

Question 2

How much blood does the average male have

Answer 2

5-6 litres

Question 3

How much blood does the average female have

Answer 3

4-5 litres

Question 4

What is the temperature of blood

Answer 4

37-38°C

Question 5

What is the composition of blood

Answer 5

~55% plasma
~45% erythrocytes (red blood)
< 1% white blood cells and platelets

Question 6

How many red blood cells are in the average adult

Answer 6

25 trillion

Question 7

How many red blood cells does the body produce per second

Answer 7

2 million

Question 8

How many O2 molecules can bind to one haemoglobin molecule

Answer 8

4

Question 9

How many haemoglobin molecules in one red blood cell

Answer 9

250 million

Question 10

What is the composition of plasma

Answer 10

90% water
8% plasma proteins
2% hormones/others

Question 11

What is haematocrit

Answer 11

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume

Question 12

An expected value of haematocrit

Answer 12

F 37-47%
M 42-52%

Question 13

What is an expected value of %SpO2

Answer 13

> 95%

Question 14

What happens to haemoglobin when O2 binds to it

Answer 14

It changes the shape of the molecule and makes it easier for subsequent O2 to bind to it
high oxygen affinity

Question 15

What is the effect of pH on oxygen affinity, the Bohr effect

Answer 15

High pH - high oxygen affinity - easier to remain in the R-state
Low pH - low oxygen affinity - easier to remain in the T-state

Question 16

T-state

Answer 16

No oxygen bonded to haemoglobin, low oxygen affinity

Question 17

R-state

Answer 17

All oxygen is bonded to haemoglobin, high oxygen affinity

Question 18

What is the effect of temperature on oxygen affinity

Answer 18

High temp - low oxygen affinity - easier to remain in the T-state
Low temp - high oxygen affinity - easier to remain in the R-state

Question 19

What is the effect of CO2 on blood pH and oxygen affinity

Answer 19

CO2 lowers pH, acidic, therefore oxygen affinity is reduced

Question 20

How much CO2 is transported through the plasma

Answer 20

5-10%

Question 21

How much CO2 is transported through haemoglobin

Answer 21

20-30%

Question 22

How much CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions

Answer 22

60-70%

Question 23

Describe the Haldane effect

Answer 23

The change of CO2 capacity due to changes of oxygen pressure
Low O2 pressure - high CO2 affinity
High O2 pressure - low CO2 affinity

Question 24

Arterial blood O2%

Answer 24

20mL/100mL

Question 25

Venous blood O2%

Answer 25

5mL/100mL

Question 26

What is arteriovenous blood difference

Answer 26

The difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood

Question 27

Detail the effect of exercise on the value of a-vO2

Answer 27

During exercise, oxygen demands increase, which lowers O2 concentration in venous blood, therefore increasing a-vO2 difference

Question 28

Is a-vO2 difference higher of lower in trained individuals

Answer 28

Higher

Question 29

An increase in temp and decrease in blood pH would result in a _____ in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 29

Rightward shift
Lower oxygen affinity