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FM1020 > PHYSIO/ANAT - ANS > Flashcards

PHYSIO/ANAT - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 fuctnional divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • somatic NS
  • visceral NS
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2
Q

What does the visceral NS supply?

A

Internal organs/viscera

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the visceral NS?

A
  1. Visceral sensory/afferent
  2. Visceral motor/ ANS
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4
Q

What does the ANS innervate?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A

-sympathetic
-parasympathetic

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6
Q

Is the ANS controlled voluntarily?

A

No

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7
Q

What is a main difference between the structure of the ANS and the somatic motor system?

A

Somatic motor system - cell body is in CNS and one axon extends to muscle

ANS - a chain of 2 neurons (pre and postganglionic neurons)

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8
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of cell bodies

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9
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron run from ? SYMPATHETIC

A

Spinal cord -> ganglion

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10
Q

Where does the postganglionic neuron run from? SYMPATHETIC

A

Ganglion -> organ

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11
Q

Where are the cell bodies of presynaptic neurons found? SYMP

A

In the lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-L2/L3

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12
Q

Where do the preganglionic axons of symp. division exit the spinal cord from?

A

Anterior roots of spinal nerves

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13
Q

How do preganglionic axons of symp system separate from spinal nerves?

A

Separate as white rami communicantes

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14
Q

What do white rami of symp division enter ?

A

Sympathetic chains

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15
Q

In the sympathetic NS, where can the preganglionic neuron synapse?

A
  1. Paravertebral ganglia/sympathetic chain
  2. Preverterbral ganglia
  3. Adrenal medulla
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16
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk located?

A

Anterolateral to vertebral column from skull to coccyx

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17
Q

Is there the same amount of ganglia in the sympathitic chain as there are spinal nerves? Why/why not?

A

No
The ganglia fuse

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18
Q

Where are the ganglia located on the sympathetic chain?

A

3 in cervical area
11 thoracic
4 lumbar
4 sacrall

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19
Q

How are ganglia of the sympathetic trunk connected?

A

By the interganglionic trunk

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20
Q

What are the 3 ways for the postganglionic neurons to travel to target organs? SYMPATHETIC - SYNAPSING IN CHAIN OF GANGLIA

A
  1. Exit in grey rami comminucans and travel with somatic nerves
  2. Associate with large arteries to travel to head
  3. Run directly to thoracic organs
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21
Q

How do postganglionic neurons which synapse in the sympathetic trunk exit the sympathetic trunk? SYMPATHETIC

A

Via grey rami communicans

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22
Q

When postganglionic neurons which synapse in the sympathetic trunk run with spinal nerves, what do they innvervate? SYMPATHETIC

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Arrector pili muscles
  3. Peripheral blood vessels
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23
Q

When postganglionic neurons which synapse in the sympathetic trunk run with large arteries, what do they innvervate?

A
  • salivary gland
  • smooth muscle
  • blood vessels in head
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24
Q

When postganglionic neurons which synapse in the sympathetic trunk run directly to organs, what do they innvervate?

A

Heart and lungs - THORACIC ORGANS ONLY

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25
Q

Are the sympathetic presynaptic neurons which synapse in the prevertebral ganglia paired?

A

No

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26
Q

Where are sympathetic presynaptic neurons which synapse in the prevertebral ganglia found?

A

Only in abdomen and pelvis

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27
Q

Do sympathetic presynaptic neurons which synapse in the prevertebral ganglia go through the sympathetic chain?

A

Yes

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28
Q

How do sympathetic presynaptic neurons which synapse in the prevertebral ganglia reach the prevertebral ganglia?

A

By travelling in splanchnic nerves

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29
Q

Where are prevertebral ganglia located?

A

Abdominal aorta

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30
Q

Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division located?

A

In/near/on the target organ

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31
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A
  • in brain stem
  • in lateral gray horns of S2-S4
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32
Q

What do the parasympathetic preganglionic axons which come from the brain travel through?

A

Cranial nerves
- CN III
- CN VII
- CN IX
- CN X (vagus nerve)

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33
Q

What do the parasympathetic preganglionic axons which come from the sacral region travel through?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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34
Q

Where does CN III synapse?

A

Ciliary ganglion

35
Q

Where does CN VII synapse?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion
and
Submandibular ganglion

36
Q

Where does CN IX synapse?

A

Optic ganglion

37
Q

Where does CN X synapse?

A

Various places in thorax and abdominal cavity

38
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons which travel in pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus
and
Ganglia in pelvic viscera

39
Q

Are preganglionic neurons in the sym NS long/short?

A

Short

40
Q

Are preganglionic neurons in the parasym NS long/short?

A

Long

41
Q

Are postganlionic neurons in the sym NS long/short?

A

Long

42
Q

Are postganlionic neurons in the parasym NS long/short?

A

Short

43
Q

What are the general/most common physiological effects of the symp NS?

A

Fight, flight, fright

44
Q

What are the general/most common physiological effects of the parasymp NS?

A

Rest and digest

45
Q

What are the 3 main anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

A
  • origin
  • ganglia location
  • length of fibre
46
Q

Are organs only innverated by the parasympathetic division?

A

No. Most have dual innervations where the parasym and sym divisions have opposite effects.

47
Q

What is the benefit of organs having dual innervation from parasym and sym NS?

A

Activities or the structures can be coordinated

48
Q

What are the components of the reflex arc of the ANS?

A
  • an afferent pathway
  • a central regulatory component
  • an efferent pathway
49
Q

Where are the central regulatory components on the ANS located?

A
  • spinal cord
  • hypothalamus
  • brain stem
50
Q

What is the main integration centre for visceral sensory input? (Transmits sensory input into an effect carried to organ by sym or parasym pathways)

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

How do postganglionic nerve fibres of the ANS communicate with tissues?

A

They have varicosities which lie in close contact with the cells and release neurotransmitters

52
Q

What is the site where varicostities come into contact with tissue cells called?

A

Neuroeffector junctions

53
Q

What neurotransmitter is emitted from the sympathetic system?

A

Noradrenaline/norepinephrine

54
Q

What family of chemicals to noradrenaline and adrenaline belong to?

A

Catecholamines

55
Q

What is an adrenergic response?

A

When ANS pathways release noradrenaline into tissues

56
Q

What is a cholinergic response?

A

When ANS pathways release ACh into tissues

57
Q

Can parasympathetic nerve fibres release a wide range of neurotransmitters?

A

No - they only release ACh

58
Q

What tissues do sympathetic pathways release ACh into?

A

Sweat glands, Arrector pili muscles, some blood vessels in skeletal muscle

59
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters emitted by ANS pathways bind to receptors on cells in tissues?

A

It initiates an intracellular signalling cascade which results in the alteration of the cell phenotype

60
Q

What are the 2 main signalling cascades caused by neurotransmitters emitted by ANS binding to cells?

A
  • cAMP cascade (adenylyl cyclase)
  • phosphoinositide pathway
61
Q

What is an agonist ?

A

Something which activates a receptor

62
Q

What kind of receptors does noradrenaline bind to ?

A

Adrenergic receptors / adrenoceptos

63
Q

What is another name for adrenergic receptors?

A

Adrenoceptors

64
Q

What are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors?

A

α1, α2, β1, β2, β3

65
Q

What is the significance of the subtype of adrenergic receptor which is present on an organ?

A

Norepinephrine can have excitatory/inhibitory effects depending on the subtype present on the organ

66
Q

What do α-adrenoceptors activate/inhibit?

A
  • activate phosphoinositide pathway pathway
  • inhibit cAMP cascade
67
Q

What do β-adrenoceptors activate/inhibit?

A

Activate cAMP cascade

68
Q

The subtypes of adrenergic receptors expressed in a tissue is a basis for drug production t/f?

A

True

69
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Binds to the receptor and blocks teh activity of the receptor

70
Q

What does ACh bind to?

A

Cholinergic receptors

71
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptor?

A

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

72
Q

What kind of receptors are located at the synapses between pre and postganglionic neurons in both sym and parasym divisions?

A

Nicotinic receptors

73
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic. Postganglionic neurons?

A

ACh

74
Q

What does ACh released by parasympathetic Postganglionic neurons bind to ?

A

Muscarinic receptors

75
Q

What are the subtypes of muscarinic receptor ?

A

M1-M5

76
Q

What intracellular signalling pathways do cholinergic receptors generally activate/inhibit?

A
  • activate phosphoinositide pathways
  • inhibit cAMP cascade
77
Q

What happens when an organ is require to work at a different rate?

A

CNS coordinates ANS response to increase/decrease activity

78
Q

What are the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

79
Q

What happens when chromaffin cells are stimulated ?

A

They release adrenaline

80
Q

What % of chromaffin cells release adrenaline ino circulation ?

A

80%

81
Q

What % of chromaffin cells release noradrenaline ino circulation

A

20%

82
Q

What are the cardiovascular effects of adrenaline ?

A
  • increase heart rate
  • increase cardiac output
  • raise blood pressure
    -vasodilate skeletal muscle blood vessels
  • vasoconstrict gastrointestinal, renal and splenic beds
83
Q

How does adrenaline vasodilate smooth muscle blood vessels?

A

Adrenaline has a high affinity for beta 2 adrenergic receptors which trigger smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels

84
Q

How does adrenaline vasoconstrict gastrointestinal, renal and splenic beds?

A

Alpha 1 and alpha 2 adronergic receptors trigger smooth muscle contraction

FM1020 (11 decks)

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