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FM1020 > ANATOMY - Histology Of Immune Sytsem > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Histology Of Immune Sytsem Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs ?

A

Organs in which immature lymphocytes acquire receptors to recognise antigens - they mature lymphocytes

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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs? (2)

A

-thymus
-bone marrow

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3
Q

Where are T lymphocytes matured?

A

Thymus

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4
Q

Where are B lymphocytes matured?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues ?

A

Tissues where lymphocytes are activated in response to an antigen.

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of secondary lymphoid tissues

A

-lymph nodes
-spleen
-MALT

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7
Q

Where is blood screened for pathogens?

A

Spleen

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8
Q

Where is lymph screened for pathogens?

A

Lymph nodes

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9
Q

Where are antigen activated lymphocytes found?

A

In blood, lymph and lymphoid organs - continuously circulating

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10
Q

What are 3 lymphoid cells?

A

-lymphocytes
-antigen presenting cells (APCs)
-reticular cells

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11
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

An immature red blood cell

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12
Q

What are 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  • b lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells (NK)
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13
Q

What are the different types of T cells ?

A
  • helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
  • Memory T cells
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14
Q

What is the function of antigen presenting cells?

A

-display antigens on MHC
- help to activate T cells

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15
Q

What are examples of APCs?

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B lymphocytes
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16
Q

What do reticular cells do

A

Produce stroma which supports other cells in lymphoid organs

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17
Q

What is stroma?

A

Scaffolding

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18
Q

What are the 2 sections of the thymus?

A

Medulla and cortex

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19
Q

What is found in the medulla of the thymus ?

A

More mature T cells
Hassall’s corpuscles
Macrophages

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20
Q

What is found in the cortex of the thymus?

A

Less mature T cells

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21
Q

What kinds of cells are found in the thymus?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • macrophages
  • reticular cells
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22
Q

Where are macrophages found in the thymus

A

In the cortex and the medulla

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23
Q

What are reticular cells called in the thymus?

A

Epithelial cells

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24
Q

What do reticular cells do in the thymus ?

A

They form a cellular network

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25
Q

Describe the scaffolding of the thymus

A

Epithelial cells form a cellular network - they line up together to form scaffolding

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26
Q

What is unusual about the scaffolding in the thymus?

A

Reticular fibres are not common in the thymus - instead linked cells form the scaffolding

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27
Q

What is a significant feature found in the medulla of the thymus?

A

Hassall’s / thymic corpuscles

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28
Q

What are Hassall’s / thymic corpuscles?

A

-keratinised epithelial cells
- look like swirls
- found in medulla of thymus

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29
Q

What cells are found in lymph nodes?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • APCs e.g macrophages
  • reticular cells
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30
Q

What do reticular cells do in lymph nodes?

A

They produce reticular fibres (collagen) which form a network

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31
Q

What is the function of the scaffolding in the lymph nodes?

A

Keeps the sinuses open

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32
Q

What is in the centre of follicles in lymphoid tissue?

A

Germinal centres - actively dividing B cells

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33
Q

What surrounds the centre of the follicle in lymphoid tissues?

A

resting B cells

34
Q

What is the paracortex of the lymph nodes?

A

Deep cortex

35
Q

What is contained in the paracortex of lymph nodes?

A

T cells

36
Q

What type of lymphocyte is contained in the medulla of lymph nodes?

A

Plasma B cells

37
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

38
Q

What are the 2 blood cleansing functions of the spleen?

A
  • removal or blood borne antigens
  • removal and destruction of old/defective RBCs
39
Q

Where does haemopoeisis occur in an adult?

A

Bone marrow

40
Q

Where does haemopoeisis occur in the foetus?

A

In the spleen

41
Q

What are the 2 types of substance in the spleen?

A

-white pulp
-red pulp

42
Q

What is white pulp?

A

Thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue

43
Q

What is red pulp composed of?

A
  • venous sinuses
  • splenic cords
44
Q

Where is red pulp found?

A

In the spleen, surrounding white pulp

45
Q

What are the blood vessels which supply/ drain the spleen called?

A

Splenic artery & splenic vein

46
Q

Does the spleen have trabeculae?

A

Yes

47
Q

What is the composition of white pulp?

A
  • lymphoid tissue
  • central arteries
  • sheathed capillaries surrounded my macrophages
  • T cells surround arteries
  • B cells form follicles
48
Q

What is red pulp composed of ?

A
  • splenic sinusoids
  • splenic cords (composed mainly of macrophages and reticular cells)
49
Q

What are splenic cords?

A

Sheets of reticular CT
Found in red pulp

50
Q

What are PALS? In the spleen

A

PeriArterial Lymphoid Sheaths

  • white pulp surround central arteries in the spleen
51
Q

How is blood passed from artery to vein in the spleen?

A

Splenic artery -> central arteries -> sheathed capillaries -> splenic cords of red pulp -> splenic sinusoids -> veins of red pulp -> splenic vein

52
Q

Where are central arteries located?

A

White pulp

53
Q

What surrounds sheathed capillaries?

A

Macrophages

54
Q

What part of the red pulp do sheathed capillaries empty blood into?

A

Splenic cords

55
Q

What kind of cells line the splenic sinusoids?

A

Endothelial cells

56
Q

What surrounds the tonsils?

A

1/2 surrounded by stratified squamous epithelium
1/2 surrounded by Hemi-capsule

57
Q

What are the invaginations found on the tonsils called?

A

Crypts

58
Q

What happens to crypts during infection?

A

Pus collects in the crypts

59
Q

Why is only half of the tonsil surrounded by a capsule?

A

So that antigens can come into contact with the tonsils on the part which doesn’t have hemi -capsule i.e epithelial cell covered part

60
Q

Do tonsils have follicles?

A

Yes

61
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Distal end of small intestine in the wall

62
Q

Describe structure of a Peyer’s patch

A

Clusters of lymphoid follicles with germinal centres

63
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to disease

64
Q

What are the two intrinsic systems of the immune system?

A
  • innate immunity (non-specific)
  • adaptive immunity (specific)
65
Q

What are the innate defences?

A

-surface Barriers
-internal defences

66
Q

What are the types of surface barrier that play a role in innate immunity ?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes

67
Q

What are the internal defences which play a role in innate immunity ? (5)

A

-phagocytes
- natural killer cells
- inflammation
-antimicrobial proteins
-fever

68
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immmunity ?

A
  • Humoral/antibody mediated immunity
  • cellular immunity
69
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity ?

A

B cells

70
Q

what kind of cells are active in cellular immunity ?

A

T cells

71
Q

What are the 3 types of phagocytes involved in innate immunity?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

72
Q

What do natural killer (NK) cells do?

A

Cause apoptosis in cancer/virus infected cells

73
Q

What happens to B lymphocytes during humoral immunity?

A

-they become plasma cells
-they secrete antibodies

74
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Mark cells for destruction by macrophages

75
Q

What are memory B cells?

A

Some B cells which are activated during humoral immunity do not become plasma cells.
They are primes to respond to the same antigen upon second infection

76
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A
  • bind to antigen presenting cells
    -perforate the cell membrane
  • this signals the cell to undergo apoptosis
77
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

78
Q

In lymph nodes, what are medulllary cords?

A

Found in the medulla between medullary sinuses.
Filled with plasma cells & macrophages

79
Q

What is the capsule of a lymph node composed of?

A

Connective tissue

80
Q

What are trabeculae in the lymph nodes made of?

A

Connective tissue

FM1020 (11 decks)

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