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FM1020 > Anatomy - Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Anatomy - Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
  2. Transporting dietary lipids
  3. Immune responses
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2
Q

How does interstitial fluid re-enter the circulation?

A

By entering:
1. Capillaries at venous ends
2. Lymphatic capillaries

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3
Q

What is lymph?

A

Tissue fluid which enters lymphatics

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4
Q

What % of tissue fluid is returned to the blood by the lymphatics?

A

10-20%

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5
Q

Why can bacteria, viruses and cancer cells enter the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph capillaries have a very high permeability.

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6
Q

What feature of lymph capillaries allows tissue fluid to enter?

A

Very permeable walls.

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7
Q

List the lymphatic vessels in order of size.

A

Lymph capillaries < lymphatics < lymph trunk < lymph duct

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8
Q

What is the function of lymphatics?

A

To collect lymph from the lymph capillaries

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9
Q

Where do lymphatics lie in the body?

A

They accompany the blood vessels

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10
Q

Do lymphatics travel without coming into contact with other lymphatics?

A

No. They have frequent interconnections and many are arranged as networks

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11
Q

How is the back flow of lymph prevented?

A

Valves. Lymphatics have more valves that veins

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12
Q

Where are lymph nodes found? (in general)

A

Scattered along lymphatics

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13
Q

Where are lymph capillaries found?

A

Nearly all tissues in the body.

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14
Q

Where are lymph capillaries absent from?

A
  • CNS
  • Bone marrrow
  • Avascular tissues e.g cartilage, nails, epidermis, cornea, hair
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15
Q

How does the lymphatic system take in dietary lipids

A

Through lacteals which are located in villi of the small intestine

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16
Q

What is fatty lymph called?

A

Chyle

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17
Q

Name some of the main groups of regional lymph nodes

A
  • cervical nodes
  • axillary nodes
  • inguinal nodes
  • aortic nodes
  • iliac nodes
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18
Q

How do the lymphatics of the skin work?

A

They run independently of blood vessels.
They drain into nodes where limbs attach to the trunk

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19
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

Scattered along lymphatics

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20
Q

What surrounds lymph nodes?

A

A fibrous capsule

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21
Q

How does lymph enter LNs?

A

Through afferent lymph vessels

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22
Q

Through what structure does lymph leave LNs?

A

Through efferent lymph vessels

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23
Q

What is the function of a LN? (2)

A
  • lymph percolates through LNs
  • antigens are destroyed and B/T cells are activated
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24
Q

Lymph from which part of the body don’t pass through a series of lymph nodes?

A
  • Lymph from paired viscera on abdominal wall (ovaries, kidneys, testis)
  • Lymph from thyroid gland
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25
Q

Where does lymph from paired viscera drain into?

A

Para-aortic LNs.

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26
Q

Where does lymph from the thyroid gland drain into?

A

Directly into the neck veins, doesn’t pass through any lymph nodes

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27
Q

What are the 3 main lymph trunks?

A
  1. Right and left JUGULAR TRUNKS
  2. right and left SUBCLAVIAN TRUNKS
  3. Right and left BRONCHIOMEDIASTINAL TRUNKS
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28
Q

What do the jugular trunks drain?

A

Head and neck

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29
Q

What do the subclavian trunks drain ?

A

Upper limbs

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30
Q

What do the bronchiomediastinal trunks drain?

A

Much of the thoracic cavity

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31
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts in the body?

A
  1. Thoracic duct
  2. Right lymphatic duct
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32
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right side of head
Right UL
Right side of thorax

33
Q

Are the two lymphatic duct always present?

A

No. Right lymphatic duct is only present in 20% of population

34
Q

What forms the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right subclavian trunk
Right bronchomediastinal trunk
Right jugular trunk

35
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Entire body except the part drained by right lymphatic duct (or the structure that form it in 80% of population)

36
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

As the cisterna chyli in abdomen

37
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie in the thoracic cavity ?

A

Along vertebral bodies

38
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty back into the veins?

A

At junction of left IJV and left subclavian vein

39
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Junction of Right IJV and right subclavian vein

40
Q

How does lymph return to the blood from the ride side of the body if there is no right lymphatic duct?

A

The trunks (jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal) drain directly into right IJV and subclavian

41
Q

How is lymph moved along the lymphatic system?

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscle
    -pulse in adjacent arteries
    VALVES PREVENT BACKFLOW
42
Q

What tissue are lymphatic organs made up of?

A

Lymphatic tissue

43
Q

What do lymphatic organs do?

A

Filter the lymph to scan for pathogens

44
Q

Are lymph organs encapsulated?

A

Some are.

45
Q

Name 3 encapsulated lymphatic organs.

A

-lymph nodes
-spleen
-thymus

46
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Superior mediastinum

47
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

Matures T lymphocytes

48
Q

Is the thymus a secondary or primary lymphoid organ?

A

Primary

49
Q

Describe the growth of the thymus gland

A

It grows rapidly during the first year of life
It stays the same size in adulthood
In gets smaller after 60 years old

50
Q

What are the simplest lymphoid organs?

A

The tonsils

51
Q

What are the 3 groups of tonsils?

A
  • Palatine tonsils (i.e ‘the tonsils’)
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (i.e ‘the adenoids’)
  • Lingual tonsils
52
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils?

A

On back of toungue

53
Q

Wher are the palatine tonsils?

A

They are the main tonsils that you see when you open your mouth - sides of the throat

54
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Roof of throat

55
Q

What is the function of the tonsils?

A

They form a ring around the border between the oral cavity and the pharynx
They gather and remove pathogens

56
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Left side of abdomen

57
Q

When and how is the spleen commonly injured?

A

In road traffic accidents
Since it is located behind the ribs, when ribs break they damage the spleen

58
Q

What are the functions of the spleen (3)?

A

-detects and responds to foreign substances
- destroy defective RBCs
-act as a limited reservoir for blood

59
Q

Why can the spleen act as a reservoir for blood?

A

It has a very rich blood supply

60
Q

What are 2 lymphoid organs in the latter end of the GIT?

A

-Peyer’s patches
- Appendix

61
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucous associated lymphoid tissue

62
Q

Where is MALT found?

A

Walls of intestine

63
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

Fight invading bacteria in intestines

64
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

Distal part of small intestine

65
Q

Where is the Appendix found?

A

It is a tubular offshoot from the caecum

66
Q

What is chylothorax?

A

Leakage of fatty lymph into thorax

67
Q

What is mononucleosis?

A
  • A viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus (glandular fever)
  • attacks B lymphocytes
68
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation of the lymph vessel

69
Q

How can you recognise lymphangitis?

A

The overlying skin shows inflammation in superficial lymph vessels. Appears as tender, reddened streaks.

70
Q

What happens to the draining lymph nodes when you have an acute infection?

A

They become enlarged, tender and painful.

71
Q

What is Hodgkin’s disease?

A

A malignancy of the LNs (cancer)
- lymphocytes grow out of control

72
Q

What is Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma?

A

Uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes.

73
Q

What is the difference between Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Main difference = the type of WBC that are affected

74
Q

What % of breast lymph drains into the axillary LNs?

A

75%

75
Q

Where else should you examine if you find a breast lump?

A

The axillary

76
Q

What are metastases?

A

This is when cancer cells spread from a tissue into the through lymphatic system and grow and multiply in LNs

77
Q

What do the lymph nodes feel like when there are metastases?

A

The LNs are enlarged, but they aren’t tender

78
Q

What would happen if the lymphatic vessels were blocked

A

Edema- swelling of tissues due to excess tissue fluid

FM1020 (11 decks)

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