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Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. > Physio > Flashcards

Physio Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

Blocks vg Na channels (puffer fish)

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2
Q

Ciguatoxin

A

Lowers AP threshold (causing more AP firings)

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3
Q

Dendrotoxin

A

Blocks vg K channels (longer duration of AP)

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4
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelination of CNS

Less AP conduction rate

Sensory abnormalities and motor problems

Smaller length constant and greater time constant

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5
Q

Botulism

A

Cleaves any SNARE protein preventing release of ACh

Skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis

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6
Q

Tetanus

A

Cleaves synaptobrevin

Tetanus

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7
Q

LEMS = Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

A

Ab formed against vg Ca++ channels at NMJ = skeletal muscle weakness

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8
Q

Curare

A

Binds N1/Nm receptor blocking ACh binding on motor end plate

Treatment = block ACh esterase

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9
Q

Neostigmine

A

Blocks acetylcholinesterase = enhancing ACh

Used to improve skeletal muscle function in myasthenia gravis

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10
Q

Hemicholinium

A

Blocks choline re uptake into NMJ

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11
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Affects lower motor neurons of SOmatic nervous system = paralysis

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12
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle = paralysis and death

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13
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A

Increase in muscle fiber size due to increased activity or pharmacological agents

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14
Q

Lidocaine

A

Blocks vg Na channels (no depolarization = no AP)

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15
Q

Nerst Equation

A

Eion= 60/z x log ([ion]out/[ion]in)

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16
Q

K+ Em

A

-95mV

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17
Q

Cl-

A

-91mV

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18
Q

Ca2+

A

+132mV

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19
Q

Na+ Em

A

+65

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20
Q

What happens when spinal cord is severed above L1 in micturition reflex

A

Input from higher centers is eliminated, lower bladder capacity, frequent voiding and loss of voluntary control.

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21
Q

Lumbar center for bladder controlled via

A

Sympathetic;

Filling; beta 2 on detractor muscle via hypogastric nerve
Alpha 1 on IUS via hypogastric nerve for contraction

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22
Q

Sacral center for bladder controlled via

A

Parasympathetic

Voiding; M3 on detrusor for contraction via pelvic nerve
M3 on IUS for relaxation via pelvic nerve

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23
Q

Pudental nerve is:

A

Controlled by somatic NS and causes contraction via N1 receptor

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24
Q

Length constant equation

A

Lambda = square root of rm/ri

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25
Time constant equation
T = rm x Cm
26
Ejection Fraction
EF = SV/EDV x 100
27
Two equations for MAP
MAP = CO x TPR MAP = 1/3PP + diastole
28
Pulse pressure equation
PP =systolic - diastolic
29
Flow of vasculature equation (Q)
Q = deltaP / R
30
Phasic contraction, what muscle and examples
Single unit smooth muscles Stomach/intestines and esophagus and bladder
31
Tonic contraction, what muscle and examples
Constant stimulation over time Multi unit smooth muscle Sphincters and blood vessels and airways
32
Ca2+ sources for contraction of smooth muscle (5)
``` Leak channels DHP receptors (vg) - primary source P2X receptor (ligand gated) ECM Ca2+ influx RyR receptors (LG) IP3 Ca2+ release from SR ```
33
Ca2+ lowering mechanisms for smooth muscle (3)
Call membrane Ca2+ ATPase Na+/Ca2+ exchanger SR membrane Ca2+ ATPase
34
Players involved in SM contraction:
NO troponin Light chain myosin Calmodulin (CAM) --> Ca2+-CAM binds to myosin light chain kinase activating MLCK
35
Latch state of smooth muscle
Slow myosin ATPase activity allowing a low level of smooth muscle tone utilizing minimal ATP (latch bridges) Shortening velocity, phosphorylation and Ca2+ levels kept low Only occurs in multi unit SM
36
Max shortening velocity
``` Slow fibers (I) myosin w low ATPase activity Fast fibers (II) myosin w high ATPase activity ```
37
Major pathway to form ATP
Oxidative fibers | Glycolysis fibers
38
Type I skeletal muscle
Slow oxidative fibers Dark Recruited first Smallest in diameter Fatigue resistant (standing
39
Type IIa Skeletal Muscle
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers Grey Fast fatigue resistant (walking and running)
40
Type IIb Skeletal Muscle
Fast-glycolysis fibers White Largest in diameter, recruited last (galloping and jumping) Fast fatiguable
41
Passive tension (preload)
Force generated by stretching connective tissue No stimulation by somatic muscles
42
Active tension (Afterload)
Force generated by contractile protein With stimulation, cardiac/skeletal/smooth
43
Supraventricular tachycardia and cause
HR > 100 beats/min, crammed QRS Abnormal electrical conduction at SA or AV node Beta blocker Wolf Parkinson White Syndrome
44
First degree AV block and cause
Long PR interval, with everything else normal AV disease, high vagal tone (athletes), MI Beta blocker, AcH inhibitor
45
Second degree AV block and causes
Mobitz type I Elongated PR interval with a drop in QRS, not consistent AV node disease Benign Mobitz type II Normal PR interval with a QRS ratio (count P waves) His-Purkinje disease Pacemaker
46
Third degree AV block
Complete heart block Atria and ventricles beat at own rate Congenital Pacemaker
47
Atrial fibrillation
No clear pattern, No clear P waves, incomplete ventricle filling
48
Lub sound
Start of systole when AV valve closes
49
"Dub" sound
End of systole when AOrtic valve closes
50
Starling equation
Net fluid movement = Kf x (Pc + #IF) - (Pif + #c) Net force same without Kf
51
Cardiogenic Shock
Inability of heart to pump sufficiently Heart failure Lower SV, lower CO --> decrease in MAP
52
Hypovolemic Shock
Inadequate blood volume I.e. Hemorrhage Lower blood volume ---> decrease MAP
53
Anaphylactic/Septic Shock
Immunological response resulting in vasodilation I.e. Allergic rxn (histamine) Decrease central venous volume, decrease peripheral vascular tone NS TPR ----> decrease MAP
54
Neurogenic Shock
Fall in sympathetic nerve activity of increase in parasympathetic activity due to trauma, etc. Decrease TPR and peripheral vascular tone ---> decrease in MAP
55
Phase I of Valsalva
Aortic pressure: increase in pressure, mild increase SV HR: decrease to compensate
56
Phase II in Valsalva
Aortic Pressure: less blood flow to heart therefore reducing EDV, SV, CO, and systolic BP HR: increase to compensate
57
Phase III of Valsalva
Aortic pressure: released causing re-expansion of aortic and pulmonary vessels = fall in systolic BP, and relieve of compression in veins causing them to expand and fill w blood reducing amount going to heart HR: slight increase
58
Phase IV of Valsalva
Aortic pressure: expanded vessels are filled w blood and increase blood to heart increasing CO HR: decrease, MAP back to normal
59
Capacity Equations: (4)
``` TLC = IRV + ERV + RV + TV VC = TV + IRV + ERV FRC = VC + ERV IC = IRV + TV ```
60
Minute Ventilation Alveolar Ventilation
MV = TV x RR AV = (TV-DS) x RR
61
Transpulmonary Pressure
Pressure difference bw alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure
62
Airway resistance equation (Poiseulle's Law)
R = 8nl/pie r^4

Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. (7 decks)

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