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Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. > Biochem Old Stuff > Flashcards

Biochem Old Stuff Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Aliphatic amino acids

A

VIAL

Valine, isoleucine, alanine, leucine

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2
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Positively charged at pH7

HAL

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3
Q

Beer lambert law

A

A=ElC

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4
Q

Amino acids w polar side chains

A

Hydrophilic

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine = can be phosphorylated
Asparagine, Glutamine

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5
Q

Acidic amino acids

A

Negatively charged at pH7

Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid

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6
Q

Sulfur amino acids

A

Cysteine and Methionine

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7
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

A

pH = pKa + log A/HA

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8
Q

Peptide bind is formed between

A

An acid group (carboxyl) and amino group

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9
Q

Alpha-helix

A

Usually begins with proline

H-bond between every 4 amino acids

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10
Q

Steps of DNA cloning

A 
Isolate DNA
Purify and fragment
Insert into a vector
Insert vector into bacterial host cell = transformation 
Replication bacteria for multiple copies
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11
Q

Features of a bacterial vector

A

Ori
Ab resistant gene
Recognition sites (RE cleavage)
Insertion site for transfene

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12
Q

Requirements for DNA sequencing by Sanger Method

A

Template - ssDNA of unknown sequence
Lacked DNA primers and polymerase enzyme
dNTPs
ddNTPs - chain terminators

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13
Q

Histone proteins include

A

H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4

Nucleosome = all except H1

Tails - chromatin remodeling

1.5 wraps of DNA around each core

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14
Q

Histone modifications

A

Acetylation (HAT = opens and HDAC)
Methylation
Ubiquination
Phosphorylation

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15
Q

Gene locations

A

Chromosome number 7
Arm (p or q)
Position

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16
Q

Telomeric repeat

A

5’-TTAGGG-3’

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17
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Equally male and female
Heterozygous
Verticals inheritance

Ex: polydactylism - incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity (variation in strength)

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18
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Homozygote
Equal in male and female
Often skips generations

Ex. Phenylketonuria PKU - cannot metabolize phenylalanine, low protein diet

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19
Q

X-linked dominant

A

Females twicely affected

Usually heterozygote

Ex: Rett Syndrome - mutated MECP2 gene

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20
Q

X-linked Recessive

A

Males more affected

Ex: Hemophilia A

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21
Q

Leigh Syndrome

A

Mitochondrial Inherited Disorder

From mother to all offspring, male and female equally

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22
Q

4 causes of genetic mutations

A

Ionizing radiation - X-rays, gamma rays
Non-ionizing - UV
Chemicals - alkylating agents
Biological agents - viruses

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23
Q

Base-pair Substitutions (Point Mutations)

A

1) Transversion Purine –> pyrimidine
2) Transition pyrimidine –> pyrimidine
3) Missense (amino acid change)
4) Nonsense (STOP codon)
5) Silent mutation (no aa change)

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24
Q

Insertion/Deletion mutations

A

Frame shift mutation

Ex: Huntingtons disease
Fragile X Syndrome

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25
Splice site mutation
Exon exclusion Intron inclusion Alt 3' site Alt 5' site Chronic granulomatous disease
26
Philadelphia Chromosome
Gene 9 and 22 fused | Proliferation of WBC
27
Robertsonian chromosome abnormality
2 Short arms are lost and the long arms fuse Only occurs amongst two acrocentric chromosomes (13,14,15,21,22) Phenotypically normal
28
DNA Repair - excision mechanisms (3)
(Cut,copy,paste) Base-excision -cleavage of glycosidic bond, no damage done to helix Nucleotide-excision -damage caused helix distortion, cleavage of phosphodiester bonds Mismatch repair -methylation
29
Isoenzyme
Same reaction but different properties
30
Factors affecting enzymes
Temp pH (pepsin - 2.5 trypsin - 6) Ionic strength Cofactor availability
31
Ternary Complex consists of
eIF2, GTP, Initiating AA, methionyl-tRNAmet
32
De-Novo Pathway for Purines forms _____,
IMP; IMP to GMP via IMP dehydrogenase uses 1 ATP | IMP to AMP via Asp and GTP, releases fumerate
33
Bases involved in purine salvage pathway
Adenosine + PRPP via APRT ---> AMP Guanine + PRPP via HGPRT ---> GMP Hypoxanthine + PRPP via HGPRT ---> IMP
34
Partial deficiency in enzyme HGPRT results in
High Hypoxanthine and Guanine = converted to Uric acid | PRPP = goes to de novo pathway
35
Absolute deficiency of HGPRT
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Symptoms: gout, mental retardation, self destruction, nephropathy
36
Purine catabolism
Forms Uric acid Products can be used for de novo pathway AMP deaminase Adenosine deaminase
37
Conversion of AMP to ATP
AMP -> ADP via adenylate kinase | ADP -> ATP
38
Conversion of GMP to GTP
GMP -> GDP via guanylate kinase
39
Control steps for IMP synthesis during purine synthesis
1) PRPP formation inhibited by ADP, GDP | 2) Addition of first N inhibited by AMP,ADP,ATP.GMP,GDP, GTP and stimulated by PRPP
40
Mycophenolic acid
Inhibits IMP dehydrogenase during GTP formation from IMP to prevent cell proliferation (immunosuppressant in kidney transplants)
41
Pathway for UMP synthesis for pyrimidines
Glutamine attaches Asp added, ring closure Decarboxylation forming UMP Ring adds to PRPP (committed step)
42
Conversion of UTP to CTP in pyrimidine synthesis
Via amide group from glutamine , uses 2ATP
43
Control steps of Pyrimidine synthesis
1) glutamine and bicarbonate combination inhibited by UDP and UTP, activated by ATP, PRPP 2) UMP formation inhibited by UMP
44
Ribonucleotide reductase
Reduces NTPs into dNTPs during dNTP formation. Tetramer with 2 heterodimers RNR1 = allosteric control sites, ATP = activates dATP = Inactivates RNR2 = active site where NDP converted to dNDPs
45
Drug interactions in dTMP synthesis
5-Fluorouracil = thymidylate synthase inhibitor (cancer chemotherapy) Methotrexate = dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor Trimethoprim = Antibiotic, binds to bacterial dihydrofolate reductase better than mammalian enzyme
46
Purine catabolism disorders
SCID = adenosine deaminase mutations, selectively kills lymphocytes Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency = cannot provide fumerate via conversion of AMP to IMP. Easily fatigued and muscle cramps Gout = insoluble Uric acid crystals = treated by allopurinol (Hypoxanthine analog), Inactivates Xanthippe oxidase
47
Purine synthesis differences from pyrimidines
Utilizes Glycine, GTP, formate and forms Uric acid, where pyrimidine synthesis does not Pyrimidine forms malonyl CoA
48
Important monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose
49
Glycosidic bond includes
Bond between OH of anomeric C and another reactive group (usually OH of another sugar)
50
Reducing OH | Non Reducing OH
Reducing = OH is free and not involved in a glycosidic bond
51
Important disaccharides
Sucrose (glucose-fructose) Lactose (glucose-galactose) Maltose (glucose-glucose)
52
Glucose polymers linked: | Branched every:
Alpha-(1,4) | Alpha-(1,6)
53
Chondroitin 4 and 6 Sulfates
GAG - the most abundant one N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid In cartilage, aorta, tendons, ligaments
54
Keratan Sulfates
N-acetylglucosamine and galactose (no uronic acid) Connective tissue
55
Hyaluronic acid
N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid Synovial fluid of joints
56
Dermatan sulfate
N-acetylgalactosamine Skin, blood vessels, heart valves, CT
57
Heparin and Heparan Sulfate
Glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid Anticoagulant
58
Arsenate
Replaces phosphate in step from GAP to 1,3 BPG resulting in no ATP formation
59
Fluoroacetate
Binds CoA and is converted to Fluoroacetate via citrate synthase and competitively inhibits aconitas
60
Causes of diabetes type 1
``` Absolute deficiency of insulin Genetic Environmental Viruses Drugs and chemicals ```

Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. (7 decks)

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