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Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. > Biochem Old Stuff > Flashcards

Biochem Old Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Aliphatic amino acids

A

VIAL

Valine, isoleucine, alanine, leucine

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2
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Positively charged at pH7

HAL

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3
Q

Beer lambert law

A

A=ElC

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4
Q

Amino acids w polar side chains

A

Hydrophilic

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine = can be phosphorylated
Asparagine, Glutamine

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5
Q

Acidic amino acids

A

Negatively charged at pH7

Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid

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6
Q

Sulfur amino acids

A

Cysteine and Methionine

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7
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

A

pH = pKa + log A/HA

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8
Q

Peptide bind is formed between

A

An acid group (carboxyl) and amino group

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9
Q

Alpha-helix

A

Usually begins with proline

H-bond between every 4 amino acids

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10
Q

Steps of DNA cloning

A 
Isolate DNA
Purify and fragment
Insert into a vector
Insert vector into bacterial host cell = transformation 
Replication bacteria for multiple copies
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11
Q

Features of a bacterial vector

A

Ori
Ab resistant gene
Recognition sites (RE cleavage)
Insertion site for transfene

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12
Q

Requirements for DNA sequencing by Sanger Method

A

Template - ssDNA of unknown sequence
Lacked DNA primers and polymerase enzyme
dNTPs
ddNTPs - chain terminators

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13
Q

Histone proteins include

A

H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4

Nucleosome = all except H1

Tails - chromatin remodeling

1.5 wraps of DNA around each core

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14
Q

Histone modifications

A

Acetylation (HAT = opens and HDAC)
Methylation
Ubiquination
Phosphorylation

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15
Q

Gene locations

A

Chromosome number 7
Arm (p or q)
Position

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16
Q

Telomeric repeat

A

5’-TTAGGG-3’

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17
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Equally male and female
Heterozygous
Verticals inheritance

Ex: polydactylism - incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity (variation in strength)

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18
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Homozygote
Equal in male and female
Often skips generations

Ex. Phenylketonuria PKU - cannot metabolize phenylalanine, low protein diet

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19
Q

X-linked dominant

A

Females twicely affected

Usually heterozygote

Ex: Rett Syndrome - mutated MECP2 gene

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20
Q

X-linked Recessive

A

Males more affected

Ex: Hemophilia A

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21
Q

Leigh Syndrome

A

Mitochondrial Inherited Disorder

From mother to all offspring, male and female equally

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22
Q

4 causes of genetic mutations

A

Ionizing radiation - X-rays, gamma rays
Non-ionizing - UV
Chemicals - alkylating agents
Biological agents - viruses

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23
Q

Base-pair Substitutions (Point Mutations)

A

1) Transversion Purine –> pyrimidine
2) Transition pyrimidine –> pyrimidine
3) Missense (amino acid change)
4) Nonsense (STOP codon)
5) Silent mutation (no aa change)

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24
Q

Insertion/Deletion mutations

A

Frame shift mutation

Ex: Huntingtons disease
Fragile X Syndrome

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25
Q

Splice site mutation

A

Exon exclusion
Intron inclusion
Alt 3’ site
Alt 5’ site

Chronic granulomatous disease

26
Q

Philadelphia Chromosome

A

Gene 9 and 22 fused

Proliferation of WBC

27
Q

Robertsonian chromosome abnormality

A

2 Short arms are lost and the long arms fuse

Only occurs amongst two acrocentric chromosomes (13,14,15,21,22)

Phenotypically normal

28
Q

DNA Repair - excision mechanisms (3)

A

(Cut,copy,paste)

Base-excision
-cleavage of glycosidic bond, no damage done to helix

Nucleotide-excision
-damage caused helix distortion, cleavage of phosphodiester bonds

Mismatch repair
-methylation

29
Q

Isoenzyme

A

Same reaction but different properties

30
Q

Factors affecting enzymes

A

Temp
pH (pepsin - 2.5 trypsin - 6)
Ionic strength
Cofactor availability

31
Q

Ternary Complex consists of

A

eIF2, GTP, Initiating AA, methionyl-tRNAmet

32
Q

De-Novo Pathway for Purines forms _____,

A

IMP; IMP to GMP via IMP dehydrogenase uses 1 ATP

IMP to AMP via Asp and GTP, releases fumerate

33
Q

Bases involved in purine salvage pathway

A

Adenosine + PRPP via APRT —> AMP
Guanine + PRPP via HGPRT —> GMP
Hypoxanthine + PRPP via HGPRT —> IMP

34
Q

Partial deficiency in enzyme HGPRT results in

A

High Hypoxanthine and Guanine = converted to Uric acid

PRPP = goes to de novo pathway

35
Q

Absolute deficiency of HGPRT

A

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Symptoms: gout, mental retardation, self destruction, nephropathy

36
Q

Purine catabolism

A

Forms Uric acid
Products can be used for de novo pathway

AMP deaminase
Adenosine deaminase

37
Q

Conversion of AMP to ATP

A

AMP -> ADP via adenylate kinase

ADP -> ATP

38
Q

Conversion of GMP to GTP

A

GMP -> GDP via guanylate kinase

39
Q

Control steps for IMP synthesis during purine synthesis

A

1) PRPP formation inhibited by ADP, GDP

2) Addition of first N inhibited by AMP,ADP,ATP.GMP,GDP, GTP and stimulated by PRPP

40
Q

Mycophenolic acid

A

Inhibits IMP dehydrogenase during GTP formation from IMP to prevent cell proliferation (immunosuppressant in kidney transplants)

41
Q

Pathway for UMP synthesis for pyrimidines

A

Glutamine attaches
Asp added, ring closure
Decarboxylation forming UMP
Ring adds to PRPP (committed step)

42
Q

Conversion of UTP to CTP in pyrimidine synthesis

A

Via amide group from glutamine , uses 2ATP

43
Q

Control steps of Pyrimidine synthesis

A

1) glutamine and bicarbonate combination inhibited by UDP and UTP, activated by ATP, PRPP
2) UMP formation inhibited by UMP

44
Q

Ribonucleotide reductase

A

Reduces NTPs into dNTPs during dNTP formation.

Tetramer with 2 heterodimers

RNR1 = allosteric control sites, ATP = activates dATP = Inactivates

RNR2 = active site where NDP converted to dNDPs

45
Q

Drug interactions in dTMP synthesis

A

5-Fluorouracil = thymidylate synthase inhibitor (cancer chemotherapy)

Methotrexate = dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor

Trimethoprim = Antibiotic, binds to bacterial dihydrofolate reductase better than mammalian enzyme

46
Q

Purine catabolism disorders

A

SCID = adenosine deaminase mutations, selectively kills lymphocytes

Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency = cannot provide fumerate via conversion of AMP to IMP. Easily fatigued and muscle cramps

Gout = insoluble Uric acid crystals = treated by allopurinol (Hypoxanthine analog), Inactivates Xanthippe oxidase

47
Q

Purine synthesis differences from pyrimidines

A

Utilizes Glycine, GTP, formate and forms Uric acid, where pyrimidine synthesis does not

Pyrimidine forms malonyl CoA

48
Q

Important monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

49
Q

Glycosidic bond includes

A

Bond between OH of anomeric C and another reactive group (usually OH of another sugar)

50
Q

Reducing OH

Non Reducing OH

A

Reducing = OH is free and not involved in a glycosidic bond

51
Q

Important disaccharides

A

Sucrose (glucose-fructose)
Lactose (glucose-galactose)
Maltose (glucose-glucose)

52
Q

Glucose polymers linked:

Branched every:

A

Alpha-(1,4)

Alpha-(1,6)

53
Q

Chondroitin 4 and 6 Sulfates

A

GAG - the most abundant one

N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid

In cartilage, aorta, tendons, ligaments

54
Q

Keratan Sulfates

A

N-acetylglucosamine and galactose (no uronic acid)

Connective tissue

55
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid

Synovial fluid of joints

56
Q

Dermatan sulfate

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

Skin, blood vessels, heart valves, CT

57
Q

Heparin and Heparan Sulfate

A

Glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid

Anticoagulant

58
Q

Arsenate

A

Replaces phosphate in step from GAP to 1,3 BPG resulting in no ATP formation

59
Q

Fluoroacetate

A

Binds CoA and is converted to Fluoroacetate via citrate synthase and competitively inhibits aconitas

60
Q

Causes of diabetes type 1

A 
Absolute deficiency of insulin
Genetic
Environmental
Viruses
Drugs and chemicals

Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. (7 decks)

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