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Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior Mediastinum contents: VAGUS DATES

A 
Descending aorta
Azygous vein
Thoracic duct
Esophagus 
Sympathetic trunk
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2
Q

DROP into a Deep PIT and SHUFFLE your way out

A

Lower limb peripheral nerve injuries:

Foot DROP results from Dorsiflexors and Evertors paralysis, due to common Peroneal nerve lesion.

Plantarflexion and Inversion impairment due to Tibial nerve, results in a shuffling gait.

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3
Q

PAD DAB

A

Palmar interaceus muscles ADDUCT metacarpal phalangeal joints

Dorsal interaceus muscles ABDUCT metacarpal phalangeal joints

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4
Q

Frosted Flakes (are great) Says The O.G. Tiger

A

Femoral nerve - supplies anterior thigh

Common Fibular/Peroneal - to fibula head via popliteal fossa. Superficial Fibular - lateral fibula, Deep Fibular - anterior tibia

Sciatic nerve - tibial nerve and common Peroneal nerve

Tibial nerve

Obturator Nerve - thigh (adductors)

Gluteal nerve - inferior = max, superior = minimus and medius

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5
Q

Celiac trunk branches Left Hand Side (LHS)

A

Left gastric artery = lesser curvature of stomach and lower esophagus

(Right) Hepatic artery = liver, gallbladder and cystic duct

Splenic artery = spleen, greater curvature of stomach and pancreas

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6
Q

Eye rotation by oblique muscles

A

I Love S&M (I Love Sex&Money)

Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation
Superior oblique: medial eye rotation

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7
Q

Superior mediastinum contents:

A 
Aortic arch
Superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins
Esophagus
Thymus
Trachea
Thoracic duct
Nerves; vagus and phrenic
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8
Q

Lateral Rotators of Hip

A

Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts

Piriforms
G
Obturator internus
G
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris
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9
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A

SAD PUCKER

Supra renal glands
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys 
Esophagus
Rectum
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10
Q

Serrano Anterior innervates SALT

A

Serratus Anterior = long thoracic

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11
Q

The SITS muscles

A

Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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12
Q

Standing Room Only

A

Trigeminal nerve

Superior orbital fissure V1
Foramen rotundum V2
Foramen Ovale V3

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13
Q

Radial nerve supplies BEST muscles

A

Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps

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14
Q

Serratus anterior innervation and action

A

(Long thoracic nerve) C5-6-7 raise your wings up to heaven; injury results in inability to raise arm past 90 degrees up to heaven = scapula wing

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15
Q

Major branch order of aortic arch: know your ABC’S

A

Aortic arch:
Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

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16
Q

P-SLAC

A

P - posterior columns. Fine touch, proprioception, medulla

S - spinocerebellar tract. Muscle tone, ipsilateral

L - lateral spinothalamic tract. Pain and temp. Spinal cord. Contralateral

A - anterior spinothalamic tract. Crude touch. Spinal cord

C - corticospinal tract. Voluntary motor. Medulla

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17
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve supplies:

BBC

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

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18
Q

Resident cells

A

Of connective tissue that are fibroblasts whom maintain and produce matrix and mast cells.

Residents of the CT supplying the matrix.

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19
Q

Wandering cells

A

In connective tissue which include eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, etc.

WBC who wander looking for intruders

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20
Q

3 types of fibers

A

Collagen - non elastic high tensile strength
Elastic fibers - (yellow fibers) thin threads
Reticular fibers - wavy fibers forming bundles and mesh like networks

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21
Q

LCT vs. DCT

A

Loose stains lighter than dense CT

D Regular CT = organized and parallel (ligaments and tendons)
D Irregular CT = densely packed collagen fibers interwoven into a meshwork.

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22
Q

Esophagus epithelium is ______

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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23
Q

Grey matter in neurons

A

Collections of soma which have high numbers of ribosomes and RER giving it the dark grey color

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24
Q

White matter in neurons

A

Collections of axons due to myelin (lipid) being wrapped around them.

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25
Q

Contents of neural cells include:

A 
Nissl bodies (RER) (dark clusters)
Golgi
Mitochondrion
Microtubules
Nucleus
Nucleolus
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26
Q

Glial cells of the CNS include

A

Astrocytes - largest w long projections (grey and white matter) high number in blood brain barrier, star shaped

Oligodendrocytes - wraps multiple axons (grey and white matter) (multiple sclerosis)

Microglia - phagocytes, abundant in injury sites, shorter projections

Ependimal cells - border neural tissue, involved in CSF formation. Cuboidal like

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27
Q

Glial cells of the PNS include

A

Schwann cells - myelin sheath of axons along PNS, covers one axon w multiple myelin layers

Satellite cells

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28
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

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29
Q

White vs. Gray Rami Communicantes

A

Preganglionic neurons enter white and postganglionic exit gray to rejoin spinal nerves

Sympathetic division

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30
Q

Para vertebral ganglion vs. pre vertebral ganglion

A

Para = located just anterior/lateral to spinal column

Pre = located closer to target organs

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31
Q

Dural Reflecfions

A

Double layer covering the brain

Outer periosteal layer
Inner meningeal layer

Separated by venous sinuses (main vein that drains the brain)

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32
Q

Spinal tap

A

Between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

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33
Q

Babinski’s Test

A 
Positive = toes fan
Negative = toes curl
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34
Q

Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

A

LA, LV
IV septum, RV, LV
RA, RV

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35
Q

Lung epithelium consist of:

A

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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36
Q

Treatment of kidney stones (3)

A

Open surgery
Percutaneous surgery (needle & guide wire)
Lithotripsy high energy shock waves

37
Q

Penile Urethra vs. Female Urethra

A

Penile - stratified columnar

Female - transitional (including bladder and ureters) and smooth muscle

38
Q

3 major branches or aorta

A

Celiac trunk - LHS
SMA - supplies the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
IMA

39
Q

Acute Cholecystitis 4Fs

A

Fat, female, fertile, forties

Inflammation of gall bladder

40
Q

Serous secretion vs. mucous secretion

A

Granules

And

White, big, chunks. Mucin in goblet cells stain purple

41
Q

Small ducts vs. large ducts

A

Small - lined by simple cuboidal

Large - lined by columnar of stratified epithelia

42
Q

Acini vs. alveolus vs. tubular

A

Acini - pyramidal shape
Alveolus - large lumen (mammary glands)
Tubular - same lumen and cell size

43
Q

Duodenum vs. Ileum vs. jejunum

A

D - Brunners glands, villi are taller and broader
Ileum - peyers patches, shortest and narrowest
Jejunum - nada, villi are narrow and sparse, crypts of Lieberkuhn

44
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of LES relaxation; food can remain in esophagus

Neurological disorder

Symptoms: regurgitation, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), loss of appetite, inflammation of esophagus

Diagnose: esophagram, use artificial food w barium

45
Q

Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease

A

Over relaxed LES; acidic contents back into esophagus, can cause Barrett’s esophagus (columnar and goblet cells), heartburn, nausea after eating

Diagnose: endoscopy = EGD; esophagogastroduodenoscopy

46
Q

Parietal cells/Oxyntic cells produce

A

HCl

47
Q

Chief cells produce

A

Pepsinogen breaks down peptide bonds of proteins

48
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Abnormal development of pyloric sphincter

Permanent, no passage of food at all, projectile vomiting

49
Q

Gastritis; 2 Types

A

Inflammation of stomach mucosa

Type A: inflammation of fundus and body
Type B: Antrum and pylorus caused by H. pylori

Can lead to peptic ulcer

Blood in stool, vomiting blood, doesn’t reach esophagus

50
Q

Greater omentum

A

From stomach to cold and upper abdomen

Brings blood flow and immune function by Scaring and sealing holes

51
Q

Brunners glands

A

Secretes alkaline to neutralize stomach contents (duodenum)

52
Q

Ileum vs. Jejunum

A

Ileum = more arcades and short vasa recta, peyers patches which look like lymph nodes

Jejunum = longer vasa recta, less arcades,

53
Q

Segmentations

A

Smooth muscle contractions moving chyme in both directions

54
Q

Peristaltic waves

A

Begin in duodenum with overlapping waves = migrating myoeletric complex MMC

55
Q

Colon bacteria make what two vitamins

A

K and B

56
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Autoimmune inflammatory degeneration of mucosa and layers of gut wall

RFs: family history, smoking, stress

57
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammation of mucosa only in colon and sometimes rectum

High [lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils]

58
Q

Colon cancer

A

Screening: stool occult blood test

Colonoscopy

59
Q

Celiac trunk blood supply: foregut

A

Duodenum, liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus

60
Q

SMA blood supply: midgut

A 
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ascending
Cecum
2/3 transverse colon
61
Q

IMA blood supply, hindgut

A

Sigmoid
Rectum
1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon

62
Q

Aplasia

A

Failure to develop

63
Q

Heteroplasia

A

Growth of normal tissue in the wrong place

64
Q

Metaplasia (metaplasis with low grade displasia)

A

Replacement of a fully differentiated tissue into a diff kind I.e. Squamous to columnar

65
Q

Dyplasia

A

Transformation of highly differentiated tissue into low differentiated tissue

Smaller cells, heterochromatic

Precancerous

66
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign gland like looking tumor

67
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor resembling a gland, grows fast and invades nerves

68
Q

Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis

A

Constant damage to gastric mucosa leading to loss of parietal cells and replacement by fibrous tissue

Develops following chronic inflammation of stomach mucosa

69
Q

Crypts of Liberkuhn

A

Present in large intestine and Jejunum

70
Q

Pectinate line

A

Line that divides upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of anal canal.

The end of the hind gut

Beneath = nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

71
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells embedded in cartilage matrix= lacunae

Chondroblasts are immature dividing Chondrocytes

72
Q

Perichondrium

A

Production and repair of cartilage

Perichondrium transforms into periosteum if turned into bone

73
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

More ground substance than cells

Articular surfaces of bones (condyles, joints), nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, fetal skeleton, thoracic cage

Function: support soft skeleton and friction free movement of joint

74
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth from the surface of cartilage from the Perichondrium

75
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth from the interior

76
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Elastic support, easy bending,

Location: ear, nose, epiglottis

Contains Perichondrium, moderate amount of Type II collage and elastic fibers

77
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Dense CT matrix, dense ground substance, no Perichondrium

Function: withstand shock, shock absorption, tensile resistance

Location: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, menisci, insertion of tendons

78
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers bone surfaces that glide against each other inside synovial (movable) joints

79
Q

Bone types (5)

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
80
Q

Compact (dense) bone vs. spongy (cancellous) bone

A

Dense - surface of bone

Cancellous - inside of bones. Contain trabeculae

81
Q

Red bone marrow (active)
Vs.
yellow bone marrow (inactive)

A

Red - developing and differentiating bone and blood cells. Bone marrow usually found in flat bones and epiphyses

Yellow - fat and reticular fibers. Can convert back to red during blood loss or hemolysis

82
Q

Periosteum

A

CT proper - covers bone and connects it to muscles, joints and other bones

Outer fibrous layer and inner Cambial zone

83
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts inside lacunae

84
Q

Woven (primary) bone
Vs.
Spongy bone histology

A

Immature bone w chaotic orientation of collagen fibers and no lamallae

Abundant in fetus and young children, in adults maybe insertion of tendons and bony alveoli around teeth

Spongy bone - regular orientation of collagen, lamallae inside trabeculae

85
Q

Fracture healing process (week 1, week 2-3, week 4-16, week-17+)

A

Week 1- hematoma/inflammation
Week 2-3: soft callus
Week 4-16: hard callus
Week 17+- remodeling

86
Q

3 ligaments for knee strength

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Meniscal ligament

87
Q

Popliteal dislocation

A

Fluid filled sacs of synovial membrane In popliteal fossa (behind knee joint). Chronic knee joint effusion

88
Q

Portal system that drains into IVC includes

A

Esophagus
Umbilicus
Rectum
= collateral circulation

89
Q

Right coronary artery supplies (RCA)
Left coronary artery supplies (LCA)
Circumflex artery supplies

A
  • RA, RV, SA node, AV node, and posterior 3rd IV septum
  • most of left atrium, LV, anterior 2/3 IV septum
  • posterior Of heart

Mini 3 Physio, Anatomy, etc. (7 decks)

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