Anatomy Flashcards
Posterior Mediastinum contents: VAGUS DATES
Descending aorta Azygous vein Thoracic duct Esophagus Sympathetic trunk
DROP into a Deep PIT and SHUFFLE your way out
Lower limb peripheral nerve injuries:
Foot DROP results from Dorsiflexors and Evertors paralysis, due to common Peroneal nerve lesion.
Plantarflexion and Inversion impairment due to Tibial nerve, results in a shuffling gait.
PAD DAB
Palmar interaceus muscles ADDUCT metacarpal phalangeal joints
Dorsal interaceus muscles ABDUCT metacarpal phalangeal joints
Frosted Flakes (are great) Says The O.G. Tiger
Femoral nerve - supplies anterior thigh
Common Fibular/Peroneal - to fibula head via popliteal fossa. Superficial Fibular - lateral fibula, Deep Fibular - anterior tibia
Sciatic nerve - tibial nerve and common Peroneal nerve
Tibial nerve
Obturator Nerve - thigh (adductors)
Gluteal nerve - inferior = max, superior = minimus and medius
Celiac trunk branches Left Hand Side (LHS)
Left gastric artery = lesser curvature of stomach and lower esophagus
(Right) Hepatic artery = liver, gallbladder and cystic duct
Splenic artery = spleen, greater curvature of stomach and pancreas
Eye rotation by oblique muscles
I Love S&M (I Love Sex&Money)
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation
Superior oblique: medial eye rotation
Superior mediastinum contents:
Aortic arch Superior vena cava Brachiocephalic veins Esophagus Thymus Trachea Thoracic duct Nerves; vagus and phrenic
Lateral Rotators of Hip
Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts
Piriforms G Obturator internus G Obturator externus Quadratus femoris
Retroperitoneal structures
SAD PUCKER
Supra renal glands Aorta and IVC Duodenum Pancreas Ureters Colon Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
Serrano Anterior innervates SALT
Serratus Anterior = long thoracic
The SITS muscles
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Standing Room Only
Trigeminal nerve
Superior orbital fissure V1
Foramen rotundum V2
Foramen Ovale V3
Radial nerve supplies BEST muscles
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps
Serratus anterior innervation and action
(Long thoracic nerve) C5-6-7 raise your wings up to heaven; injury results in inability to raise arm past 90 degrees up to heaven = scapula wing
Major branch order of aortic arch: know your ABC’S
Aortic arch:
Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
P-SLAC
P - posterior columns. Fine touch, proprioception, medulla
S - spinocerebellar tract. Muscle tone, ipsilateral
L - lateral spinothalamic tract. Pain and temp. Spinal cord. Contralateral
A - anterior spinothalamic tract. Crude touch. Spinal cord
C - corticospinal tract. Voluntary motor. Medulla
Musculocutaneous nerve supplies:
BBC
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Resident cells
Of connective tissue that are fibroblasts whom maintain and produce matrix and mast cells.
Residents of the CT supplying the matrix.
Wandering cells
In connective tissue which include eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, etc.
WBC who wander looking for intruders
3 types of fibers
Collagen - non elastic high tensile strength
Elastic fibers - (yellow fibers) thin threads
Reticular fibers - wavy fibers forming bundles and mesh like networks
LCT vs. DCT
Loose stains lighter than dense CT
D Regular CT = organized and parallel (ligaments and tendons)
D Irregular CT = densely packed collagen fibers interwoven into a meshwork.
Esophagus epithelium is ______
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Grey matter in neurons
Collections of soma which have high numbers of ribosomes and RER giving it the dark grey color
White matter in neurons
Collections of axons due to myelin (lipid) being wrapped around them.
Contents of neural cells include:
Nissl bodies (RER) (dark clusters) Golgi Mitochondrion Microtubules Nucleus Nucleolus
Glial cells of the CNS include
Astrocytes - largest w long projections (grey and white matter) high number in blood brain barrier, star shaped
Oligodendrocytes - wraps multiple axons (grey and white matter) (multiple sclerosis)
Microglia - phagocytes, abundant in injury sites, shorter projections
Ependimal cells - border neural tissue, involved in CSF formation. Cuboidal like
Glial cells of the PNS include
Schwann cells - myelin sheath of axons along PNS, covers one axon w multiple myelin layers
Satellite cells
Ganglia
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
White vs. Gray Rami Communicantes
Preganglionic neurons enter white and postganglionic exit gray to rejoin spinal nerves
Sympathetic division
Para vertebral ganglion vs. pre vertebral ganglion
Para = located just anterior/lateral to spinal column
Pre = located closer to target organs
Dural Reflecfions
Double layer covering the brain
Outer periosteal layer
Inner meningeal layer
Separated by venous sinuses (main vein that drains the brain)
Spinal tap
Between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
Babinski’s Test
Positive = toes fan Negative = toes curl
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
LA, LV
IV septum, RV, LV
RA, RV
Lung epithelium consist of:
Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Treatment of kidney stones (3)
Open surgery
Percutaneous surgery (needle & guide wire)
Lithotripsy high energy shock waves
Penile Urethra vs. Female Urethra
Penile - stratified columnar
Female - transitional (including bladder and ureters) and smooth muscle
3 major branches or aorta
Celiac trunk - LHS
SMA - supplies the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
IMA
Acute Cholecystitis 4Fs
Fat, female, fertile, forties
Inflammation of gall bladder
Serous secretion vs. mucous secretion
Granules
And
White, big, chunks. Mucin in goblet cells stain purple
Small ducts vs. large ducts
Small - lined by simple cuboidal
Large - lined by columnar of stratified epithelia
Acini vs. alveolus vs. tubular
Acini - pyramidal shape
Alveolus - large lumen (mammary glands)
Tubular - same lumen and cell size
Duodenum vs. Ileum vs. jejunum
D - Brunners glands, villi are taller and broader
Ileum - peyers patches, shortest and narrowest
Jejunum - nada, villi are narrow and sparse, crypts of Lieberkuhn
Achalasia
Failure of LES relaxation; food can remain in esophagus
Neurological disorder
Symptoms: regurgitation, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), loss of appetite, inflammation of esophagus
Diagnose: esophagram, use artificial food w barium
Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease
Over relaxed LES; acidic contents back into esophagus, can cause Barrett’s esophagus (columnar and goblet cells), heartburn, nausea after eating
Diagnose: endoscopy = EGD; esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Parietal cells/Oxyntic cells produce
HCl
Chief cells produce
Pepsinogen breaks down peptide bonds of proteins
Congenital pyloric stenosis
Abnormal development of pyloric sphincter
Permanent, no passage of food at all, projectile vomiting
Gastritis; 2 Types
Inflammation of stomach mucosa
Type A: inflammation of fundus and body
Type B: Antrum and pylorus caused by H. pylori
Can lead to peptic ulcer
Blood in stool, vomiting blood, doesn’t reach esophagus
Greater omentum
From stomach to cold and upper abdomen
Brings blood flow and immune function by Scaring and sealing holes
Brunners glands
Secretes alkaline to neutralize stomach contents (duodenum)
Ileum vs. Jejunum
Ileum = more arcades and short vasa recta, peyers patches which look like lymph nodes
Jejunum = longer vasa recta, less arcades,
Segmentations
Smooth muscle contractions moving chyme in both directions
Peristaltic waves
Begin in duodenum with overlapping waves = migrating myoeletric complex MMC
Colon bacteria make what two vitamins
K and B
Crohn’s Disease
Autoimmune inflammatory degeneration of mucosa and layers of gut wall
RFs: family history, smoking, stress
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammation of mucosa only in colon and sometimes rectum
High [lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils]
Colon cancer
Screening: stool occult blood test
Colonoscopy
Celiac trunk blood supply: foregut
Duodenum, liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus
SMA blood supply: midgut
Duodenum Jejunum Ascending Cecum 2/3 transverse colon
IMA blood supply, hindgut
Sigmoid
Rectum
1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Aplasia
Failure to develop
Heteroplasia
Growth of normal tissue in the wrong place
Metaplasia (metaplasis with low grade displasia)
Replacement of a fully differentiated tissue into a diff kind I.e. Squamous to columnar
Dyplasia
Transformation of highly differentiated tissue into low differentiated tissue
Smaller cells, heterochromatic
Precancerous
Adenoma
Benign gland like looking tumor
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumor resembling a gland, grows fast and invades nerves
Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis
Constant damage to gastric mucosa leading to loss of parietal cells and replacement by fibrous tissue
Develops following chronic inflammation of stomach mucosa
Crypts of Liberkuhn
Present in large intestine and Jejunum
Pectinate line
Line that divides upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of anal canal.
The end of the hind gut
Beneath = nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Chondrocytes
Cells embedded in cartilage matrix= lacunae
Chondroblasts are immature dividing Chondrocytes
Perichondrium
Production and repair of cartilage
Perichondrium transforms into periosteum if turned into bone
Hyaline cartilage
More ground substance than cells
Articular surfaces of bones (condyles, joints), nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, fetal skeleton, thoracic cage
Function: support soft skeleton and friction free movement of joint
Appositional growth
Growth from the surface of cartilage from the Perichondrium
Interstitial growth
Growth from the interior
Elastic cartilage
Elastic support, easy bending,
Location: ear, nose, epiglottis
Contains Perichondrium, moderate amount of Type II collage and elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage
Dense CT matrix, dense ground substance, no Perichondrium
Function: withstand shock, shock absorption, tensile resistance
Location: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, menisci, insertion of tendons
Articular cartilage
Covers bone surfaces that glide against each other inside synovial (movable) joints
Bone types (5)
Long Short Flat Sesamoid Irregular
Compact (dense) bone vs. spongy (cancellous) bone
Dense - surface of bone
Cancellous - inside of bones. Contain trabeculae
Red bone marrow (active)
Vs.
yellow bone marrow (inactive)
Red - developing and differentiating bone and blood cells. Bone marrow usually found in flat bones and epiphyses
Yellow - fat and reticular fibers. Can convert back to red during blood loss or hemolysis
Periosteum
CT proper - covers bone and connects it to muscles, joints and other bones
Outer fibrous layer and inner Cambial zone
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts inside lacunae
Woven (primary) bone
Vs.
Spongy bone histology
Immature bone w chaotic orientation of collagen fibers and no lamallae
Abundant in fetus and young children, in adults maybe insertion of tendons and bony alveoli around teeth
Spongy bone - regular orientation of collagen, lamallae inside trabeculae
Fracture healing process (week 1, week 2-3, week 4-16, week-17+)
Week 1- hematoma/inflammation
Week 2-3: soft callus
Week 4-16: hard callus
Week 17+- remodeling
3 ligaments for knee strength
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Meniscal ligament
Popliteal dislocation
Fluid filled sacs of synovial membrane In popliteal fossa (behind knee joint). Chronic knee joint effusion
Portal system that drains into IVC includes
Esophagus
Umbilicus
Rectum
= collateral circulation
Right coronary artery supplies (RCA)
Left coronary artery supplies (LCA)
Circumflex artery supplies
- RA, RV, SA node, AV node, and posterior 3rd IV septum
- most of left atrium, LV, anterior 2/3 IV septum
- posterior Of heart
