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Physiology > Physio 1 Final Review > Flashcards

Physio 1 Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Mean arterial pressure must be maintained at a high, constant level of approximately ____

A

100 mm Hg

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2
Q

Pulse pressure (systolic - diastolic)/3 + diastolic pressure = ______

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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3
Q

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance = ______

A

Mean arterial pressure (Pa) (another formula…)

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4
Q

The two major systems for regulation of arterial pressure are:

A
  1. Baroreceptor reflex

2. Reninangiotensin-aldosterone system

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5
Q

Parasympathetics will ____ the heart rate, while sympathetics will ____ the heart rate

A

Decrease, increase

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6
Q

The cranial nerve associated with the baroreceptors in the corotid sinus is ____

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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7
Q

The cranial nerve associated with the baroreceptors in the aortic arch is ____

A

CN X (Vagus)

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8
Q

In the baroreceptor reflex, the sympathetics will ____ the arteries/veins

A

Constrict

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9
Q

The baroreceptors on the aortic arch or corotid sinus will send signals to the ____ in the CNS to be processed and sent back for blood pressure regulation

A

Medulla

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10
Q

Baroreceptors are ______, sensitive to pressure and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

A chemoreceptor cell, located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, that monitors O2, CO2, and pH is called ____

A

Glomus cell

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12
Q

What is the strongest stimulus for a baroreceptor?

A

A rapid change in arterial pressure

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13
Q

In the baroreceptor reflex, afferent information is integrated in the ______ of the medulla

A

Nucleus tractus solitaries

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14
Q

When blood pressures increase, baroreceptor firing has an ______ effect on sympathetic outflow

A

Inhibitory

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15
Q

A test which requires expiring against a closed glottis (i.e. Plugging your nose) is called the ______

A

Valsalva maneuver

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16
Q

A slower and hormonally regulated blood pressure mechanism (than the baroreceptor reflex) is known as ____

A

Renin-angiotensin II - Aldosterone system

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17
Q

The R-AII-A system reacts in response to a ____ in the Mean Arterial Pressure (Pa)

A

Decrease

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18
Q

A decrease in Pa will cause production of ____ in the kidney, an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

Renin

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19
Q

The Angiotensin-converting enzyme which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II comes from ____

A

The lungs

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20
Q

Angiotensin II will increase the secretion of ____, which will then lead to an increase in Na+ reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

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21
Q

Aldosterone is produced by:

A

Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland

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22
Q

Angiotensin II acts on the hypothalamus to ____

A

Increase thirst

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23
Q

Angiotensin II will also stimulate the secretion of ____ hormone, which increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts

A

Antidiuretic (ADH)

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24
Q

______ mechanisms regulate BP by altering blood vessel diameter

A

Short-term

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25
Q

____ mechanisms regulate BP by altering blood volume

A

Long-term

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26
Q

The functions of the capillaries and the neighboring lymphatic vessels is known as ____

A

Microcirculation

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27
Q

The two major categories of capillaries are:

A
  1. Continuous capillaries

2. Fenestrated capillaries

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28
Q

Examples of fenestrated capillaries:

A
  1. Endocrine organs
  2. Absorptive areas of GI tract
  3. Kidney filtration sites
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29
Q

TPR stands for:

A

Total peripheral resistance

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30
Q

Capillaries themselves branch off ____

A

Metarterioles

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31
Q

At the branch point, a band of smooth muscle called _____, precedes the capillaries

A

Precapillary sphincters

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32
Q

A capillary bed can be bypassed by _____ that directly connects arterioles to venules

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis

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33
Q

____ soluble gases such as O2 and CO2 can easily cross the capillary walls through the endothelial cells

A

Lipid

34
Q

____ soluble ions, such as water, amino acids, etc. cannot pass through the endothelial cells of the capillary walls

A

Water

35
Q

The diffusion of water-soluble substances is limited to _____

A

Clefts between endothelial cells

36
Q

Fluid transfer across the capillary wall is known as ____

A

Osmosis

37
Q

Can proteins pass through capillary walls/clefts?

A

No, generally too large

38
Q

Limited amounts of protein can pass through the fenestrated capillaries of the ____ and ____

A

Kidney, intestine

39
Q

In capillaries, _____ is driven by the sum of hydrostatic and effective osmotic pressures

A

Fluid movement

40
Q

Fluid movement across a capillary wall is described by the ____ equation

A

Starling

41
Q

The effective osmotic pressure contributed by proteins is called _____ pressure

A

Oncotic

42
Q

When fluid movement is out of the capillary it is called ____, when it is from interstitium into the capillary it is called ____

A

Filtration, absorption

43
Q

Water permeability of the capillary wall is known as ____

A

Hydraulic conductance (Kf)

44
Q

A force favoring FILTRATION OUT of the capillary is known as ____

A

Hydrostatic pressure (Pc)

45
Q

A force opposing filtration that is nearly zero or slightly negative

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi)

46
Q

A force favoring ABSORPTION INTO the capillary is known as _____

A

Oncotic pressure (TTc)

47
Q

An increase in ____ concentration in the blood will cause an increase in oncotic pressure, which will lead to decreased filtration

A

Protein

48
Q

A force favoring filtration that is usually quite low (due to low concentrations of protein in the insterstitial fluid) is known as ____

A

Interstitial oncotic pressure (TTi)

49
Q

The lymphatic ducts drain into the ___ veins

A

Subclavian

50
Q

The ___ duct drains the right half of the body above the diaphragm

A

Right lymphatic

51
Q

The ____ duct drains the left half of the body above the diaphragm, as well as the abdomen, pelvis, and both lower extremities

A

Thoracic

52
Q

A dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow

A

Cisterna Chyli

53
Q

The response of the peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) to decreased oxygen concentration is greater when the CO2 concentration is ____ or the pH is ____

A

Increased, decreased

54
Q

Chemoreceptors located in the medulla itself are called ____

A

Central chemoreceptors

55
Q

The central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to __ and ___, and less sensitive to ___

A

CO2, pH

O2

56
Q

If CO2 increases, pH will ____

A

Decrease

57
Q

If cerebral arteries are compressed (e.g. Tumor, head injury) there is an immediate increase in CO2 and decrease in pH. The “CNS ischemic response” is initiated to restore blood flow to the brain. This is known as ____

A

The Cushing Reflex/Reaction

58
Q

High amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will cause urine to be ____ (concentrated or diluted)

A

Concentrated

59
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted in the ____

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

60
Q

V1 and V2 receptors are for ____

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

V1 receptors are located where?

A

In vascular smooth muscle

62
Q

When V1 receptors are activated, what occurs?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles and increased TPR

63
Q

V2 receptors are located where?

A

Principal cells of the renal collecting ducts

64
Q

When V2 receptors are activated, what will occur?

A

Water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

65
Q

Low-pressure baroreceptors are located where?

A
  1. Veins
  2. Atria
  3. Pulmonary arteries
66
Q

____ is a protein hormone secreted by the atria in response to increased atrial pressure (increased blood volume)

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

67
Q

Increased secretion of ANP will lead to ______ Na+ and water excretion

A

Increased (to decrease blood volume)

68
Q

The reflex associated with the stimulation of low-pressure atrial receptors, which will ultimately lead to a decrease in blood volume, is known as ____

A

Bainbridge reflex

69
Q

The temperature-regulating center is located in the ____

A

Anterior hypothalamus

70
Q

Thyroid hormones are thermogenic, meaning their actions on target tissues result in ____

A

Heat production (via increased metabolic rate)

71
Q

The most potent mechanism for increasing heat production in the body is ____

A

Shivering (rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle)

72
Q

Heat is lost/dissipated from the body by ____ and ____

A

Radiation, convection

73
Q

____ is the process of air or water moving by the skin and carrying away body heat

A

Convection

74
Q

____ of sweat from the skin leads to cooling

A

Evaporation

75
Q

___ is the increase in organ blood flow that is associated with the increased metabolic activity of an organ

A

Active hyperemia

76
Q

During heavy exercise the blood flow to skeletal muscle can increase by ____

A

20-fold

77
Q

____ is an increase in blood flow in response to a prior period of decreased blood flow

A

Reactive hyperemia

78
Q

Name some vasodilator metabolites (5)

A
  1. CO2
  2. H+
  3. K+
  4. Lactate
  5. Adenosine
79
Q

Blood flow through the coronary circulation is controlled almost entirely by ____, with sympathetic innervation playing a minimal role

A

Local metabolites

80
Q

The most important local metabolite factors in coronary circulation are: (2)

A
  1. Hypoxia

2. Adenosine

81
Q

The most important local vasodilator in the cerebral circulation is ____

A

CO2 (or H+)

Physiology (10 decks)

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