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Physiology > Female Reproductive Physio > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Physio Flashcards

1
Q

What type of hormones are estrogen and progesterone?

A

Steroid

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2
Q

The ovaries are located within the ___ ligament

A

Broad

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3
Q

Ovulated eggs briefly reside within the _____ before they are captured by the oviducts

A

Peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

The ___ of the ovary contains ALL oocytes

A

Cortex

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5
Q

Each oocyte is enclosed in a ____

A

Follicle

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6
Q

What structure of the ovaries are responsible for production of steroid hormones?

A

Follicles

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7
Q

The ___ hormones of the ovary have local effects and support and develop the ova

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

The ___ hormones of the ovary have systemic effects. They are responsible for production of estrogen and progesterone and affect the uterus, breasts, and bone

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

The functional units of the ovaries

A

Follicles

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10
Q

In the developing fetus, the oogonia become ___ oocytes and begin their first division of meiosis

A

Primary

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11
Q

The primary oocytes become “frozen” in the ____ stage of the first meitotic division

A

Prophase

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12
Q

Each oogonium is surrounded by a single layer of _____________ cells. The structure is called a primordial follicle

A

Squamous pre-granulosa cells

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13
Q

If an oocyte does not get fertilized, the corpus luteum will become what? (Scar-like)

A

Corpus albicans

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14
Q

A primary follicle is an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of ______ cells

A

Cuboidal granulosa

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15
Q

The ___ (fluid containing steroid hormones, etc.) helps distinguish between a primary follicle and a secondary follicle

A

Antrum

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16
Q

Secondary follicles contain ___ cells surrounding the follicle’s outermost layer

A

Theca

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17
Q

Theca cells express receptors for ___ hormone. Consequently, ___ levels begin to rise

A

Luteinizing, estrogen

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18
Q

About 2 days before ovulation, the secretion of _____ by the anterior pituitary increases 6-10 fold

A

Luteinizing hormone

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19
Q

LH also has a specific effect on the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle. Shortly before ovulation the ____ secretion begins to fall while the secretion of ____ begins to rise

A

Estrogen, progesterone

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20
Q

During the first few hours after ovulation, the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle go through a process called ____ where they rapidly change into lutein cells filled with lipids

A

Luteinization

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21
Q

The corpus luteum will secrete what two hormones to prepare the uterus for implantation and early pregnancy?

A

Estrogen, progesterone

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22
Q

If a fertilized embryo implants, ____ hormone will be secreted to stimulate the corpus luteum to grow and provide hormones for the first month of pregnancy

A

Chorionic gonadotropin

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23
Q

Granulosa cells have receptors for ____ hormone. Theca cells have receptors for ____ hormone

A 
Follicle stimulating (FSH),
Luteinizing
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24
Q

Granulosa cells express the enzyme ____, which converts androstenedione to estrogen

A

Aromatase

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25
Q

Theca cells produce ____, which is then converted to estradiol by the granulosa cells

A

Androstenedione

26
Q

LH stimulates ______ in the theca cells - the first step in the bio synthetic pathway to progesterone

A

Cholesterol desmolase

27
Q

FSH stimulates ___ in the granulosa cells - the last step in the pathway to 17beta-estradiol

A

Aromatase

28
Q

The hypothalamus will release ____ hormone to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH for the ovaries

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

29
Q

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estradiol will provide ____ feedback to the anterior pituitary to ____ further secretion of FSH and LH

A

Negative, inhibit

30
Q

At mid-cycle (ovulation) estradiol will provide ____ feedback to the anterior pituitary to ____ further secretion of FSH and LH

A

Positive, increase

31
Q

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the major secretion of the ovaries is ____

A

Progesterone

32
Q

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone will provide ____ feedback to the anterior pituitary

A

Negative

33
Q

The first occurrence of menstruation which denotes the start of reproductive capabilities is known as:

A

Menarche

34
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is ALWAYS 14 days?

A

Luteal phase

35
Q

During the luteal phase the lining of the endometrium increases its vascularity and thickens. What hormone is responsible for aiding in this?

A

Progesterone

36
Q

Another term for pregnancy

A

Gestation

37
Q

Gestation is approximately how many weeks?

A

40

38
Q

The source of steroid hormones in the first trimester of pregnancy is ____, but in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters it is _____

A

Corpus luteum, the placenta

39
Q

Implantation of a fertilized oocyte occurs at approximately what day?

A

Day 5

40
Q

Fertilization of an ovum typically takes place in the ____ portion of the oviduct

A

Ampulla

41
Q

At the point of implantation, the uterus (stimulated by progesterone) will differentiate into a specialized layer of ____ cells. These will eventually envelope the blastocyst (fetus)

A

Decidua

42
Q

____ are cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst

A

Trophoblasts

43
Q

The trophoblasts will eventually contribute the fetal portion of the _____

A

Placenta

44
Q

The trophoblast cells will proliferate and form the _______, whose primary function is to allow the blastocyst to penetrate deep into the endometrium

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

45
Q

At about 8 days post-ovulation, the trophoblast will begin to secrete _____, which is critical in informing the corpus luteum that fertilization has occured

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

46
Q

____, coming from the maternal circulation, enters the placenta and is converted to pregnenolone, which will get converted to progesterone or estriol

A

Cholesterol

47
Q

The fetal part of the placenta works in conjunction with the maternal part (cholesterol) to produce _____

A

Estriol

48
Q

Uncoordinated contractions of the uterus that begin approximately 1 month before parturition are known as:

A

Braxton Hicks contractions

49
Q

Nearing birth, the ________ produces significant amounts of cortisol. This increases the estrogen/progesterone ratio, which increases the sensitivity of the uterus to contractile stimuli

A

Fetal adrenal cortex

50
Q

In regards to uterine contractility, _____ increases it, while ____ decreases contractility

A

Estrogen, progesterone

51
Q

Estrogen stimulates production of local ______, which increase intracellular calcium concentration of the uterine smooth muscle, increasing it’s contractility

A

Prostaglandins

52
Q

Late in pregnancy when the baby’s head pushes against the cervix, nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. This causes the release of ______, which will stimulate uterine contractions and push the baby towards the cervix

A

Oxytocin

53
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes _____ during pregnancy, which travels to the mammary glands to prepare them for lactation

A

Prolactin

54
Q

Milk production is known as ______

A

Lactogenesis

55
Q

If prolactin levels are high during pregnancy, why doesn’t a mother lactate until after birth?

A

Because estrogen and progesterone “block” the action of prolactin (the levels of these decrease after birth)

56
Q

In persons who are not pregnant or lactating, ____ inhibits the anterior pituitary so it does not secrete prolactin

A

Dopamine

57
Q

The anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ from the hypothalamus which causes it to release prolactin

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

58
Q

During breast-feeding, the higher levels of _____ inhibit ovulation

A

Prolactin

59
Q

Oxytocin is secreted from the _____ pituitary gland

A

Posterior

60
Q

Name two actions of oxytocin

A

Milk ejection

Uterine contraction

Physiology (10 decks)

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