Female Reproductive Physio

Question 1

What type of hormones are estrogen and progesterone?

Answer 1

Steroid

Question 2

The ovaries are located within the ___ ligament

Answer 2

Broad

Question 3

Ovulated eggs briefly reside within the _____ before they are captured by the oviducts

Answer 3

Peritoneal cavity

Question 4

The ___ of the ovary contains ALL oocytes

Answer 4

Cortex

Question 5

Each oocyte is enclosed in a ____

Answer 5

Follicle

Question 6

What structure of the ovaries are responsible for production of steroid hormones?

Answer 6

Follicles

Question 7

The ___ hormones of the ovary have local effects and support and develop the ova

Answer 7

Paracrine

Question 8

The ___ hormones of the ovary have systemic effects. They are responsible for production of estrogen and progesterone and affect the uterus, breasts, and bone

Answer 8

Endocrine

Question 9

The functional units of the ovaries

Answer 9

Follicles

Question 10

In the developing fetus, the oogonia become ___ oocytes and begin their first division of meiosis

Answer 10

Primary

Question 11

The primary oocytes become “frozen” in the ____ stage of the first meitotic division

Answer 11

Prophase

Question 12

Each oogonium is surrounded by a single layer of _____________ cells. The structure is called a primordial follicle

Answer 12

Squamous pre-granulosa cells

Question 13

If an oocyte does not get fertilized, the corpus luteum will become what? (Scar-like)

Answer 13

Corpus albicans

Question 14

A primary follicle is an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of ______ cells

Answer 14

Cuboidal granulosa

Question 15

The ___ (fluid containing steroid hormones, etc.) helps distinguish between a primary follicle and a secondary follicle

Answer 15

Antrum

Question 16

Secondary follicles contain ___ cells surrounding the follicle’s outermost layer

Answer 16

Theca

Question 17

Theca cells express receptors for ___ hormone. Consequently, ___ levels begin to rise

Answer 17

Luteinizing, estrogen

Question 18

About 2 days before ovulation, the secretion of _____ by the anterior pituitary increases 6-10 fold

Answer 18

Luteinizing hormone

Question 19

LH also has a specific effect on the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle. Shortly before ovulation the ____ secretion begins to fall while the secretion of ____ begins to rise

Answer 19

Estrogen, progesterone

Question 20

During the first few hours after ovulation, the granulosa and theca cells of the follicle go through a process called ____ where they rapidly change into lutein cells filled with lipids

Answer 20

Luteinization

Question 21

The corpus luteum will secrete what two hormones to prepare the uterus for implantation and early pregnancy?

Answer 21

Estrogen, progesterone

Question 22

If a fertilized embryo implants, ____ hormone will be secreted to stimulate the corpus luteum to grow and provide hormones for the first month of pregnancy

Answer 22

Chorionic gonadotropin

Question 23

Granulosa cells have receptors for ____ hormone. Theca cells have receptors for ____ hormone

Answer 23

Follicle stimulating (FSH),
Luteinizing

Question 24

Granulosa cells express the enzyme ____, which converts androstenedione to estrogen

Answer 24

Aromatase

Question 25

Theca cells produce ____, which is then converted to estradiol by the granulosa cells

Answer 25

Androstenedione

Question 26

LH stimulates ______ in the theca cells - the first step in the bio synthetic pathway to progesterone

Answer 26

Cholesterol desmolase

Question 27

FSH stimulates ___ in the granulosa cells - the last step in the pathway to 17beta-estradiol

Answer 27

Aromatase

Question 28

The hypothalamus will release ____ hormone to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH for the ovaries

Answer 28

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Question 29

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estradiol will provide ____ feedback to the anterior pituitary to ____ further secretion of FSH and LH

Answer 29

Negative, inhibit

Question 30

At mid-cycle (ovulation) estradiol will provide ____ feedback to the anterior pituitary to ____ further secretion of FSH and LH

Answer 30

Positive, increase

Question 31

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the major secretion of the ovaries is ____

Answer 31

Progesterone

Question 32

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone will provide ____ feedback to the anterior pituitary

Answer 32

Negative

Question 33

The first occurrence of menstruation which denotes the start of reproductive capabilities is known as:

Answer 33

Menarche

Question 34

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is ALWAYS 14 days?

Answer 34

Luteal phase

Question 35

During the luteal phase the lining of the endometrium increases its vascularity and thickens. What hormone is responsible for aiding in this?

Answer 35

Progesterone

Question 36

Another term for pregnancy

Answer 36

Gestation

Question 37

Gestation is approximately how many weeks?

Answer 37

40

Question 38

The source of steroid hormones in the first trimester of pregnancy is ____, but in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters it is _____

Answer 38

Corpus luteum, the placenta

Question 39

Implantation of a fertilized oocyte occurs at approximately what day?

Answer 39

Day 5

Question 40

Fertilization of an ovum typically takes place in the ____ portion of the oviduct

Answer 40

Ampulla

Question 41

At the point of implantation, the uterus (stimulated by progesterone) will differentiate into a specialized layer of ____ cells. These will eventually envelope the blastocyst (fetus)

Answer 41

Decidua

Question 42

____ are cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst

Answer 42

Trophoblasts

Question 43

The trophoblasts will eventually contribute the fetal portion of the _____

Answer 43

Placenta

Question 44

The trophoblast cells will proliferate and form the _______, whose primary function is to allow the blastocyst to penetrate deep into the endometrium

Answer 44

Syncytiotrophoblast

Question 45

At about 8 days post-ovulation, the trophoblast will begin to secrete _____, which is critical in informing the corpus luteum that fertilization has occured

Answer 45

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 46

____, coming from the maternal circulation, enters the placenta and is converted to pregnenolone, which will get converted to progesterone or estriol

Answer 46

Cholesterol

Question 47

The fetal part of the placenta works in conjunction with the maternal part (cholesterol) to produce _____

Answer 47

Estriol

Question 48

Uncoordinated contractions of the uterus that begin approximately 1 month before parturition are known as:

Answer 48

Braxton Hicks contractions

Question 49

Nearing birth, the ________ produces significant amounts of cortisol. This increases the estrogen/progesterone ratio, which increases the sensitivity of the uterus to contractile stimuli

Answer 49

Fetal adrenal cortex

Question 50

In regards to uterine contractility, _____ increases it, while ____ decreases contractility

Answer 50

Estrogen, progesterone

Question 51

Estrogen stimulates production of local ______, which increase intracellular calcium concentration of the uterine smooth muscle, increasing it's contractility

Answer 51

Prostaglandins

Question 52

Late in pregnancy when the baby's head pushes against the cervix, nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. This causes the release of ______, which will stimulate uterine contractions and push the baby towards the cervix

Answer 52

Oxytocin

Question 53

The anterior pituitary secretes _____ during pregnancy, which travels to the mammary glands to prepare them for lactation

Answer 53

Prolactin

Question 54

Milk production is known as ______

Answer 54

Lactogenesis

Question 55

If prolactin levels are high during pregnancy, why doesn't a mother lactate until after birth?

Answer 55

Because estrogen and progesterone "block" the action of prolactin (the levels of these decrease after birth)

Question 56

In persons who are not pregnant or lactating, ____ inhibits the anterior pituitary so it does not secrete prolactin

Answer 56

Dopamine

Question 57

The anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ from the hypothalamus which causes it to release prolactin

Answer 57

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 58

During breast-feeding, the higher levels of _____ inhibit ovulation

Answer 58

Prolactin

Question 59

Oxytocin is secreted from the _____ pituitary gland

Answer 59

Posterior

Question 60

Name two actions of oxytocin

Answer 60

Milk ejection | Uterine contraction