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BMAT > Physics - Waves > Flashcards

Physics - Waves Flashcards

1
Q

how to waves transfer energy

A

causing particles of matter to oscillate

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2
Q

longitudinal waves characteristic

A

oscillation are parallel to direction of energy transfer

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3
Q

longitudinal waves examples

A

sound waves
p waves

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4
Q

transverse waves characteristics

A

oscillations are perpendicular to direction of energy transfer

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5
Q

transverse waves example

A

electromagnetic waves
(microwaves, light, UV)

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6
Q

what is compression

A

compressed region

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7
Q

what is rarefaction

A

stretched region

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8
Q

wavelength

A

distance between a point on a wave and the closest next point which is exactly identical

represented by lambda

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9
Q

amplitude

A

maximum distance a particle can be displaced from rest position

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10
Q

frequency

A

number of waves passing a point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz)

1Hz is equivalent to 1 complete wavelength per second

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11
Q

sound waves that have higher amplitude

A

louder

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12
Q

sound waves that have higher frequency

A

higher pitch

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13
Q

wave speed

A

distance travelled by wave over time

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14
Q

speed equation

A

frequency (Hz) x wavelength

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15
Q

relationship between frequency and wavelength

A

inversely proportional

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16
Q

speed of longitudinal waves through different states of matter and why

A

solid - fastest
liquid - fast
gases - slowest

transfer energy by causing particles to oscillate

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17
Q

sound waves cant travel in a …

A

vacuum

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18
Q

why can EM waves travel through a vacuum

A

particles oscillating in an EM are the electrons of the wave itself, which means it does not require additional matter and is able to travel through a vacuum

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19
Q

speed of waves when travelling through matter

A
  • speed depends upon medium/density of medium
  • frequency is usually constant
  • changes in speed changes wavelength (speed and wavelength are directly proportional)
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20
Q

radiowaves
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = >10cm

uses = communication

dangers = none?

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21
Q

microwaves
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = 10^-2 m

uses = wavelengths that pass through water are used for communication, wavelengths absorbed by water are used for cooking

dangers = must be kept inside of microwave by metal grill or could heat body

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22
Q

infrared
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = 10^-5 m

uses = heat is radiated as infrared - uses for heat cameras, cooking e.g. grilling toasting etc

dangers = responsible for burns and greenhouse effect

23
Q

visible light
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = 10^-7 m

uses = optical fibres

dangers = eye damage

24
Q

ultraviolet
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = 10^-8 cm

uses = fluorescent marking (chemicals are used which absorb UV light and emit visible)

dangers = skin cancer, ionising radiation

25
Q

x ray
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = 10^-10 cm

uses = medical imaging

dangers = ionising radiation

26
Q

gamma
wavelength
uses
dangers

A

wavelength = 10^-12

uses = sterilising, cancer, radiotherapy, medical imaging

dangers = ionising radiation

27
Q

relationship between EM’s energy and EM’s frequency

A

directly proportional

28
Q

relationship between EM’s energy and EM’s wavelength

A

inversely proportional

29
Q

what speed do EM waves travel at

A

speed of light
all at the same speed

30
Q

reflection

A

occurs when a wave bounces off a surface without being absorbed by it - usually causes the wave to change direction

31
Q

law of reflection

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

32
Q

refraction

A

occurs when a wave enters a medium with a different optic density and change direction due to a change in speed

33
Q

which line are both angle of incidence and angle of reflection measured relative to

A

normal

34
Q

what is the normal

A

imaginary line at 90 degrees to the surface

35
Q

what colour is the end of the spectrum which is refracted least when entering prism

A

red

36
Q

what colour is the end of the spectrum which is refracted most when entering prism

A

blue

37
Q

will sound waves reflect and refract

A

yes

38
Q

doppler effect

A

when there is relative motion between a source of waves and an observer, the wavelength and frequency of the waves received when there is no relative motion

39
Q

doppler effect when source moves toward observer

A

frequency increases

wavelength decreases

40
Q

doppler effect when source moves away from observer

A

frequency decreases

wavelength increases

41
Q

what causes greater doppler shift

A

faster movement

42
Q

how are sound waves produced

A

from a vibrating source

causes medium to vibrate and pattern of vibrations travels away from source as sound waves

43
Q

sound wave : frequency

A

PITCH
same as frequency as vibration from source

44
Q

sound wave: amplitude

A

LOUDNESS
depends in the amplitude of vibrations of the source

45
Q

sound wave: speed

A

determined by medium through which they are travelling through and NOT by the source

46
Q

what happens when sound arrives at detector

A

sequence of compressions and rarefactions causes pressure at the detector to vary
this exerts a varying force on the detector and this is what is detected
(eardrum moved by this force)

47
Q

echo

A

sound heard after sound waves reflect from one or more surfaces

48
Q

reflection can be used to measure distances
equation

A

distance =
velocity x time x 1/2

49
Q

what principle is used by both sonar and ultrasound

A

distance =
velocity x time x 1/2

principle that dividing by two accounts for the fact that time is measured is time taken for the wave to travel from the emitter/reciever to the object and back again

50
Q

human hearing range

A

20Hz –> 20KHz

51
Q

ultrasound range

A

> 20KHz

52
Q

ultrasound

A
  • depth detection
  • non invasive medical procedures
  • ultrasound can detect a boundary between different tissue types as certain fractions of ultrasound are reflected at each boundary
  • create image of soft tissue within body
53
Q

ultrasound: what does the time taken for the reflected waves to reach detectors correspond to

A

depth of each boundary

BMAT (33 decks)

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