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Radiation Therapy > Physics Test 2 > Flashcards

Physics Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the symbol Z stand for?

A

atomic number

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2
Q

What determines what element an atom is?

A

The number of protons

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3
Q

How much mass does an electron have?

A

About 1/2000 of a proton

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4
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Nuclide with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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5
Q

What is an isotone?

A

Nuclide with the same number of neutrons, but different number of protons

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6
Q

What is an isobar?

A

Nuclide with the same atomic mass.

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7
Q

What is an Isomer?

A

Nuclides with the same number of protons and neutrons but is in a different energy state (such as metastable)

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8
Q

125/ I/ 53 and 127 /I/ 53 are examples of what?

A

Isotopes (same number of protons)

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9
Q

131/ I /53 and 132 Xe/ 54 are examples of what?

A

Isotones (same number of neutrons, which is mass - protons)

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10
Q

131/ I/ 53 and 131/ Xe/ 54 are examples of what?

A

Isobars (same atomic mass)

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11
Q

99m/ Tc and 99 Tc are examples of what?

A

Isomers (same number of protons and neutrons but are in a different energy state)

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12
Q

What are the fundamental forces of nature in order of strongest to weakest?

A

Strong nuclear
Electric/magnetic
Weak Nuclear
Gravity

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13
Q

StrongNuclear force is demonstrated in what?

A

binding the nucleus of an atom

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14
Q

Electromagnetic force is demonstrated in what?

A

binding atoms (electrons AND nucleus)

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15
Q

Weak Nuclear force is demonstrated in what?

A

radioactive decay

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16
Q

Gravitational force is demonstrated in what?

A

Binding of the solar system

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17
Q

As demonstrated by E=mc^2, Energy and mass are _______.

A

equivalent

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18
Q

What is c a symbol for?

A

speed of light, 3.0 x 10^ 8 m/s

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19
Q

What is the Mass Defect?

A

In an atom:

The mass of the total atom is less than the mass of the nucleons (protons and neutrons) added together.

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20
Q

How is the Mass Defect possible?

A

because of the binding energy of the nucleus

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21
Q

The higher the binding energy per nucleon, the ________ stable the nucleus.

A

more

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22
Q

An unstable atomic nucleus is termed:

A

radioactive

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23
Q

How do radioactive nuclei try to increase binding energy?

A

Radioactive decay

Fusion

Fission

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24
Q

What does nuclear stability depend on?

A

Ratio of neutrons and protons

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25
Q

____________ usually occurs above the belt of stability. (When there are more neutrons than protons).

A

Beta emission

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26
Q

____________ usually occurs when there are 83 or more protons.

A

Alpha emission

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27
Q

_______________ usually occurs when there are more protons than neutrons. (Below the belt of stability).

A

Positron emission and electron capture

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28
Q

High atomic numbers tend to be ___________ stable.

A

Less

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29
Q

Isomeric transition means that there is no change in:

A

number of protons or neutrons

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30
Q

What is a positron?

A

Particle with the same mass and equal but opposite charge of an electron.

They are emitted by radioactive nuclei

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31
Q

Positrons do not exist very long because they undergo _______ reactions with electrons. This causes both the positron and the electron to disappear.

A

annihilation

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32
Q

Annihilation reactions cause ____ photons to be emitted in opposite directs with _____ KeV energies.

A

2

511

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33
Q

All elements with atomic numbers higher than 83 are __________.

A

Unstable

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34
Q

What two ways can an unstable nuclei become more stable?

A

Ejecting energy (photon)

OR

ejecting mass (such as alpha and beta)

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35
Q

What is the rate of change in number of parent atoms and the rate of decay called?

A

Activity

(change in parent atoms/change in time)

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36
Q

Many parent atoms cause a ______ rate of decay, while fewer parent atoms cause a _______ rate of decay/

A

fast

slow

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37
Q

As parent decays, decay _______ because there are fewer and fewer parent atoms left.

A

slows

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38
Q

What is the lambda symbol? What does it indicate?

A

decay constant

It indicates rate of decrease of parent atoms

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39
Q

Activity indicates how radioactive a sample is and is measured in the units of _______ or __________.

A

Becquerel (1dps)

or

Curie (Ci) (3.7 E 10 dps)

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40
Q

____________ is the time it takes to reduce activity by exactly 2.

A

Half Life

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41
Q

What is the Radioactivity Equation?

A

A= A0e^-lambda(t)

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42
Q

what is the value of e?

A

2.78

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43
Q

What is lambda the symbol for?

A

decay constant

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44
Q

e^0 equals what?

A

1

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45
Q

Logarithmic decay on a graph appears as ___________.

A

a straight line (with a negative slope)

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46
Q

How is fraction remaining expressed?

A

A over A0

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47
Q

What does the symbol Tao indicate?

A

The half life

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48
Q

The ___________ is when A over A0 = .5

A

The half life

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49
Q

What is the equation for lambda?

A

.693 divided by Tao (the half life)

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50
Q

What is t divided by Tao?

A

the number of half lives

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51
Q

1/ time is the units for ________. (inverse of time)

A

lambda

52
Q

When the decay constant (lambda) is multiplied by time, the units __________.

A

cancel

53
Q

t=______ at A0.

A

0

54
Q

N0 is the _____________ at time= 0.

A

number of parent atoms

55
Q

What is the average life of all parent atoms?

A

Mean life

56
Q

What is used to calculate the cumulative dose equivalents in radiation protection?

A

Mean life

57
Q

How is Mean Life expressed?

A

1 over lambda

58
Q

Decay energies are expressed in _____________.

A

electron volts

59
Q

the energy acquired by an electron accelerated by 1 volt potential is called ______________.

A

electron volt

60
Q

what is the nominal definition of an atomic mass unit?

A

the mass of a proton

61
Q

what is the official definition of an atomic mass unit?

A

1/12th the mass of a carbon 12 atom.

62
Q

what is considered a large nuclei?

A

an atomic number greater than 92 (virtually all unstable at this point)

63
Q

__________ and ____________ must be conserved during decay.

A

mass and energy

64
Q

What are the six modes of decay?

A

Alpha

electromagnetic decay (gamma or internal conversion)

Beta -

Beta +

Electron Capture

65
Q

What kind of decay is associated with Auger electrons?

A

Internal conversion

66
Q

What kind of nuclei is an alpha emission?

A

Helium:

2 protons
2 neutrons
0 electrons

66
Q

What kind of nuclides does alpha emission only occur in?

A

Very heavy nuclides

67
Q

What is the result for an atom after alpha decay?

A

It is a new element

68
Q

The decay of Radium 226 to Radon 222 is an example of _________.

A

alpha decay

69
Q

alphas for a given radionuclide contain __________ energies only.

A

discrete

70
Q

What kind of decay causes a nucleus to transition from an excited state to a ground state by releasing a photon?

A

Gamma decay

71
Q

Isomeres are associated with ____________ decay.

A

gamma

72
Q

What is the difference between a gamma ray and an x ray?

A

a gamma ray originates in the nucleus

an x ray originates outside the nucleus

73
Q

True or false: gamma decay is always preceded by another form of decay.

A

true

74
Q

gamma decay has only _________ energies.

A

characteristic

75
Q

each individual gamma emission has __________ energy.

A

discrete

76
Q

singular gamma emissions are __________, while several gamma emissions are ____________.

A

mono energetic

polyenergetic

77
Q

True or false: gamma emission always occurs immediately after another mode of decay.

A

false

78
Q

If gamma decays 10^-6 seconds after the initial decay mode, it is said to be ____________.

A

metastable

79
Q

Mo-99 to Tc-99m to Tc-99m to Tc-99 is an example of __________.

A

Gamma decay

80
Q

What term describes electromagnetic energy from the nucleus to expel an orbital electron?

A

internal conversion

81
Q

Internal conversion has _________ energy.

A

discrete

82
Q

____________ is associated with characteristic x rays and auger electrons.

A

internal conversion

83
Q

What is an Auger electron?

A

an additional orbital electron ejected from an atom caused by a characteristic x ray that was produced by the emission of an orbital electron in internal conversion

84
Q

Beta decay is the emission of a beta - particle, which is a ___________.

A

electron emitted by the nucleus

85
Q

When does beta - decay occur?

A

When there are too many neutrons compared to protons

too many neutrons
not enough protons

86
Q

How is the neutron/proton ratio fixed in beta - decay?

A

a neutron is transformed into a proton.

87
Q

Beta - decay causes ___________ change to the atomic weight.

A

no

88
Q

What are other names for a beta - particle?

A

negatron

electron

89
Q

What is the difference between a beta - particle and an electron?

A

beta - is born in the nucleus

90
Q

The decay process removes difference between __________________________ of parent and daughter nucleus.

A

binding energies

91
Q

Beta - has ___________ energy.

A

continuous

92
Q

In beta - particles, energy difference is fixed, BUT, the emitted beta - particles have ___________________.

A

a range of energies

93
Q

What accounts for the difference between change in binding energy and energy of beta - particles?

A

antineutrinos

94
Q

what do antineutrinos assure conservation of?

A

mass

momentum

95
Q

what is v’ a symbol of? What kind of decay is it associated with?

A

antineutrino

beta - decay

96
Q

What is the fixed difference in binding energy for beta - particles?

A

1.17 MeV

97
Q

When does beta + decay occur?

A

too few neutrons

too many protons

98
Q

What is transformed to what in beta + decay?

A

proton to neutron

99
Q

Parent fluorine-18 to daughter oxygen-18 is an example of ________________.

A

beta plus decay

100
Q

beta plus decay only occurs when difference between parent and daughter binding energy is greater than ___________.

A

1.02 MeV.

101
Q

In beta plus decay, the mass of the created neutron is ___________ than the mass of the original proton.

A

greater than

102
Q

what kind of decay is a neutrino associated with?

A

beta + decay

103
Q

In beta +, a threshold of _______ between parent and daughter binding energy is required.

A

1.02 MeV

104
Q

What happens in electron capture?

A

an inner shell electron is sucked into the nucleus

a proton in the nucleus combines with the captured electron to form a neutron

105
Q

When does electron capture occur?

A

too many protons
not enough neutrons

106
Q

What are two competing decays?

A

electron capture and beta + decay

107
Q

electron capture causes __________ radiation.

A

characteristic

108
Q

What shells are usually involved in electron capture?

A

k or L

109
Q

In decay schemes, horizontal axes represent change in _________.

A

atomic number

110
Q

in decay schemes, vertical axes represent change in ________.

A

energy

111
Q

a _________________ demonstrates how a given radionuclide will decay a specific fraction of time.

A

decay scheme

112
Q

What are the unnatural sources of radionuclides?

A

fission byproduct

neutron activation

charged particle exposure

113
Q

What is described by a high Z target nucleus, incident neutron, and a splitting of the target nucleus into 2 products with release of neutrons?

A

nuclear fission

114
Q

True or false: nuclear fission can break up in many different ways, allowing for a range of results.

A

true

115
Q

What is P-32?

A

the neutron activation of P-31 by nuclear fission. It is a beta - emitter of 1.71 MeV with a 14.29 day half life.

116
Q

How can charged particles be accelerated?

A

electric fields

117
Q

What are 4 examples of acceleration of charged particles with electric fields?

A

linear accelerator

cyclotron

betatrons

synchrotrons

118
Q

What is a common example of a radionuclide produced from a particle accelerator?

A

O-18 + proton ——-> F-18 + neutron + gamma

119
Q

In F-18, a positron emitter commonly used in PET scans, 2 gamma rays are released 180 degrees to each other in an ____________________.

A

annihilation reaction

120
Q

In simple radioactive decay, there is _________ parent and __________ daughter as decay progresses.

A

less

more

121
Q

In ___________ compound decay, the parent half life is so much greater than the daughter half life that its activity is essentially constant over many daughter half lives.

A

secular

122
Q

In __________ compound decay, eventually Activity of parent = activity of daughter. Unstable daughter growth = unstable daughter decay (equilibrium). The effective half life of the daughter is the same as the parent half life.

A

secular

123
Q

In ____________ compound decay, the half life of the parent is greater than the half life of the daughter (about 10x). Daughter activity increases as amount of daughter increases. After 4 daughter half lives, the activity of the parent = activity of the daughter. Both activities begin to decrease after the half life of the parent. Associated with the radionuclide generator principle.

A

transient equilibrium

124
Q

In _____________ compound decay, the parent half life is less than the daughter half life. The daughter’s growth rapidly decreases. When the parent activity - 0, then the daughter decays with its characteristic half- life.

A

No equilibrium

Radiation Therapy (26 decks)

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