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Summer GCSE > Physics Paper 2 Topics > Flashcards

Physics Paper 2 Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the lifecycle of a star

A

The life cycle of a star:

1) . starts as dust and gas cloud
2) . gravity pulls dust and gas together
3) . forms a protostar
4) . stars get denser and temp rises
5) . main-sequence star formed
6) . hydrogen nuclei run out and star fuses with heavier elements
7) . either red giant or red super giant forms
8) . red giant > white dwarf > black dwarf
9) . red super giant > supernova > smaller stars (neutron stars) or giant stars (black holes

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2
Q

What does the solar system contain?

A

The solar system contains 8 plants, the sun, dwarf planets, moons and satellites

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3
Q

What do planets orbit?

A

Planets orbit the sun

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4
Q

What do moons orbit?

A

Moons orbit planets

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5
Q

What are circular orbits?

A

Circular orbits are when gravitational force keeps planets and satellites in circular orbits

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6
Q

What do circular orbits cause?

A

Circular orbits cause objects direction and speed to constantly change

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7
Q

In a stable orbit, if the speed of an object changes, what happens?

A

If the speed of an object changes whilst in a circular orbit, the radius of orbit changes. If there is a smaller radius, the object travels faster

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8
Q

What is red-shift?

A

Red-shift is the observed increase in the wavelength of light (light shifting toward the red end of the spectrum)

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9
Q

When is red-shift observed?

A

Red-shift is observed when a galaxy moves further away from the earth

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10
Q

What does mean if there is a large distance between the earth and a galaxy?

A

Distance between earth and galaxy causes the galaxy to move further away from us and results in a greater red-shift

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11
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A

The big bang theory is the theory that all matter in the universe occupied a small and hot tiny space which eventually exploded and expanded

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12
Q

What are 3 things that are not fully understood in the universe?

A

3 things that are not fully understood in the universe include the increasing distance from galaxies, dark matter and dark energy

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13
Q

What does it mean by the pressure of a fluid?

A

Fluid pressure is a measurement of the force per unit area

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14
Q

How much pressure will be exerted on a fluid with a low density?

A

Low density - Low pressure

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15
Q

How much pressure will be exerted on a fluid with a high density?

A

High density - High pressure

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16
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

A scalar quantity is a quantity with magnitude only

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17
Q

What is a vector quantity?

A

A vector quantity is a quantity with magnitude and direction

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18
Q

Examples of scalar quantities

A

Examples of scalar quantities include speed, mass, temperature and time

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19
Q

Examples of vector quantities

A

Examples of vector quantities include velocity, force and displacement

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20
Q

Examples of contact forces

A

Examples of contact forces include air resistance, friction

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21
Q

Examples of non-contact forces

A

Examples of non-contact forces include gravity, magnetism and nuclear

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22
Q

How do you calculate weight?

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength

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23
Q

How do you calculate the resistance force when the forces are acting in the same direction?

A

When forces are acting in the same direction, you add the forces to calculate the resistance force

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24
Q

How do you calculate the resistance force when the forces are acting in the opposite direction?

A

When forces are acting in the opposite direction, you subtract the forces to calculate the resistance force

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25
Q

What do the arrows represent on a forces diagram?

A

Arrows represent the size of the force and the direction

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26
Q

How do you calculate speed?

A

Speed = distance divided by time

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27
Q

What does a straight line represent on a distance-time graph?

A

A straight line on a distance-time graph means that the object is stationary

28
Q

What does a straight line pointing diagonally represent on a distance-time graph?

A

A diagonal straight line on a distance-time graph represents the object is moving at a constant speed

29
Q

What does a curved line heading upwards represent on a distance-time graph?

A

A curved line pointing upwards on a distance-time graph means an object is accelerating

30
Q

How do you calculate momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

31
Q

What is the size of the momentum if the object has a large mass?

A

Large mass = greater momentum

32
Q

What is the velocity of an object if there is a large momentum?

A

Large momentum = greater velocity

33
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

Conservation of momentum = In a closed system, the momentum before an event equals the total momentum after an event

34
Q

What is the resultant force equal to when acting on an object?

A

The resultant force is equal to its rate of change in momentum

35
Q

Why do we increase the time taken for momentum to change?

A

Increasing the time taken for momentum to change decreases the force acting on the object

36
Q

What are some examples of safety features introduced to decrease harm from an increased change in momentum?

A

Safety features include:

  • Seat belts
  • Airbags
  • Cushioned flooring
  • Crash mats
  • Bike helmets
37
Q

How do airbags protect you from harm during a collision?

A

Airbag inflates > Compressing air decreases velocity over a longer time > rate of change of momentum is smaller > forces felt are smaller

38
Q

What is meant by work done?

A

Work done refers to when a force moves an object from on point to another, energy is transferred and work is done on the object

39
Q

What is a free body diagram?

A

Free body diagram shows all forces acting on an isolated object

40
Q

What is equilibrium in physics?

A

Equilibrium in physics is when the forces acting on an object is in balance and the resultant force is zero

41
Q

How do you find the magnitude and direction of resultant force from a diagram?

A

Measure length of resultant force to find magnitude, and angle to find its direction

42
Q

What are the forces acting on a moving box?

A

Force is done and energy is transferred the box’s kinetic store, as it experiences friction causing temperature to increase and some energy to be lost as heat

43
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A

The amplitude of a wave refers to the maximum displacement of a wave

44
Q

What is meant by the wavelength of a wave?

A

Wavelength refers to the full length of a wave

45
Q

What is meant by the frequency of a wave?

A

Frequency is the number of complete waves passing a certain point each second

46
Q

What is meant by the period of a wave?

A

The period of a wave is the amount of time it takes for a complete wave to pass a point

47
Q

What are transverse waves?

A

Transverse waves are oscillations that are perpendicular to the energy transfer

48
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves?

A

Examples of transverse waves include water ripples, EM waves, strings

49
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

Longitudinal waves are oscillations that are parallel to the energy transfer

50
Q

What are some examples of longitudinal waves?

A

Examples of longitudinal waves include sound waves and P-waves

51
Q

How do sound waves affect air particles?

A

Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause air particles to vibrate back and forth

52
Q

How do water ripples affect water particles?

A

Water ripples cause water particles to vibrate up and down

53
Q

What are the two types of deformation?

A

The two types of deformation are elastic and inelastic

54
Q

What is meant by elastic?

A

Elastic is when an object goes back to its original shape and length after forces have been removed

55
Q

What is meant by inelastic?

A

Inelastic is when an object doesn’t go back to its original shape and length after forces are removed

56
Q

When a graph is linear, what is the relationship between the force and extension of an elastic object?

A

When a graph is linear, that means the extension of the spring is directly proportional to the force applied

57
Q

When a graph is non-linear, what is the relationship between the force and extension of an elastic object?

A

When a graph is non-linear, that means the extension of s spring is no longer proportional to the force. This happens after the spring has reached its limit of proportionality and has deformed, meaning it has changed shape

58
Q

What does it mean for the amount of energy transferred when there is a large spring constant/extension?

A

When there is a large spring constant, more energy is transferred to its elastic potential store

59
Q

Describe the forces acting on a compressed object

A

Force compresses object > work is done > energy transferred to object’s kinetic energy store

60
Q

What happens to the stored energy when an elastic object is deformed?

A

In elastic deformation, all energy is transferred to objects elastic potential energy store

61
Q

How can we measure the speed of water waves?

A

We can measure the speed of water waves by using a ripple tank;

1) . place lamp next to a tray of water
2) . connect paddle to a power supply so it moves at a set frequency
3) . shadow lines will be cast on-screen underneath - the distance between each shadow line = wavelength

62
Q

How can we measure the speed of sound waves in the air?

A

We can measure the speed of sounds waves by:

1) . 2 people standing 100m apart
2) . one person has 2 wooden blocks that they clap together
3) . the other person starts a timer when they see the two blocks clap together they stop the timer when they hear the sound

63
Q

How does the pressure change as the depth of a fluid changes?

A

As depth of a fluid increases, the pressure increases. The pressure is due to the weight of the column of water above. Because the particles are tightly packed, the pressure acts in different directions

64
Q

How do you calculate the pressure in a liquid?

A

pressure = height of column × density of the liquid × gravitational field strength

65
Q

What is upthrust?

A

Upthrust is an upwards resultant force. If the upthrust is less than the weight of the object in a fluid, the object will sink. If the upthrust is more than the weight of the object in a fluid, the object will float

66
Q

Atmospheric pressure decreases as the height of a surface above ground level increases. This is because, as the altitude increases:

A

As the altitude increases:
the number of air molecules decreases
the weight of the air decreases
there is less air above a surface

Summer GCSE (12 decks)

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