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Summer GCSE > Geography Paper 2 > Flashcards

Geography Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment that has compacted together over time

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2
Q

What are the three main types of sedimentary rock in the UK?

A

The three main types of sedimentary rock in the UK are limestone, chalk and clay

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3
Q

How is limestone formed?

A

Limestone is formed from the suppression of shells and skeletons of dead marine organisms over time

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4
Q

How is chalk formed?

A

Chalk is formed from the suppression of shells and skeletons of dead marine organisms over time similarly to limestone, but however are softer in texture

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5
Q

How is clay formed?

A

Clay is a very soft rock formed from mud and clay minerals

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6
Q

Where is chalk and clay mainly found in the UK?

A

Chalk and clay is mostly found in South-East England

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7
Q

Where is limestone mainly found in the UK?

A

Limestone is mostly found to the North and West of England

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8
Q

What are igneous rock?

A

Igneous rock is formed from when the Earth’s magma from the Mantle cools and harden, meaning a main feature of them are that they are hard

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9
Q

Where are igneous rocks mainly found in the UK?

A

Igneous rock is mostly found in Scotland, North-East of England, Lake District and Snowdonia (Wales)

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10
Q

How is metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks are formed from intense heat and pressure which causes other rocks to change. The resulting rocks are more hard and compact.

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11
Q

Name the main metamorphic rock types in the UK

A

Shale, Slate and Schist are main igneous rock types

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12
Q

Where are metamorphic rocks mostly found in the UK?

A

Metamorphic rocks are mainly found in large bands across Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales

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13
Q

Which landscapes are formed from limestone?

A

Limestone forms valleys and resurgent rivers due to being heavily affected by carbonate weathering

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14
Q

What are the features of the UK uplands?

A

The UK uplands are rugged, with steep relief and weathered rocks

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15
Q

What are the features of the UK lowlands?

A

The UK lowlands have gentle relief and very fertile soil

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16
Q

What happens to rivers at the end of glacial periods?

A

At the end of glacial periods, rivers become much bigger and more powerful as melted ice has flowed into them, meaning they erode the landscape with a greater force

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17
Q

What is plucking?

A

Plucking is when meltwater freezes on a piece of rock surrounding a glacier and then rips off bits of the rock when it moves

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18
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Abrasion is when rocks scrape along the seabed

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19
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

Freeze-thaw weathering is when water fills cracks in rocks, itll freeze and expand, putting pressure on the rock. This freezing and thawing erodes the rock.

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20
Q

What are the human activities that affect the UK physical landscape?

A

The human activities that affect the UK physical landscape include agrictulture, settlements and forestry

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21
Q

How do settlements affect the landscape?

A

Settlements are built by clearing land. Building things out of impermeable materials such as concrete increases surface run-off and can change drainage patterns.

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22
Q

How does agriculture affect the landscape?

A

Agriculture involves clearing land for harvesting and cattle farming, increasing grazing by the animals. Hedgerows and drainage ditches are also introduced.

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23
Q

What are concordant coastlines?

A

Concordant coastlines are rock layers parallel to the coast. They have a harder layer protecting less resistant rock inland as once broken through, caves are created as the softer rock is eroded more rapidly

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24
Q

What are discordant coastlines?

A

Discordant coastlines are alternating rock types perpendicular to the coast.

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25
Q

What are formed at discordant coastlines?

A

At discordant coastlines, headlands and bays are formed

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26
Q

How are wave-cut platforms formed?

A

Wave-cut platforms are formed when overtime the cliff is undercut and the unsupported cliff face collapses. The cliff retreats inland leaving a flat rocky area visible at low tide which is a wave cut platform

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27
Q

What factors increase erosion of the coast?

A
  • Storm surges (mores torms > higher winds > lower pressures > larger waves)
  • Prevailing winds (longer fetch > more destructive waves)
  • Sub aerial processes (mass movement, slumping, sliding)
  • Weathering
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28
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Mass movement is the large scale movement of sediment usually downslope

29
Q

What is slumping?

A

Slumping is where rain seeps through soil and permeable rock which meets an impermeable rock

30
Q

What is long-shore drift?

A

Long-shore drift is the zig-zag movement of sediment up the beach at an angle due to prevailing winds pushing waves and washing sediment up the beach

31
Q

How does human activity affect the coastline?

A

Construction of infrastructure removes sand and gravel from coasts, which causes erosion further downstream. Agricultural areas are most affected due to their low value importance

32
Q

What are the physical factors that increase erosion?

A

Climate change > rising sea levels through thermal expansion, melting ice caps and temporary rises due to low pressure systems and surges > increased marine erosion and deposition

33
Q

How were mountain ranges formed?

A

Mountain ranges were formed from rocks folding and uplifting as a result of plate collisions

34
Q

What are the main ways that tectonic activity shaped the UK landscape?

A

Main ways that shaped the uk landscape is plate collisions (metamorphic), plant movement (sedimentary) and active volcanoes (igneous)

35
Q

What are the features of the upper course of the river?

A

The features of the upper course of the river include:

  • Steep gradient
  • Vertical erosion - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition)
  • Narrow, shallow channels
  • V shaped valleys from vertical erosion
  • Interlocking spurs (river losing energy and re routes and curls around resistant rock)
36
Q

What are the features of the middle course of the river?

A

The features of the middle course of the river include:

  • The river widens and deepens
  • Vertical erosion + Lateral erosion
  • Meanders
  • Tributaries join > velocity and discharge increases
37
Q

What are the features of the lower course of the river?

A

The features of the lower course of a river include:

  • Low gradients
  • Geology: alluvium, sands, gravels
  • Widens and deepens
  • Smooth channel
  • Fast velocity due to less friction with the riverbed
38
Q

What are some examples of human activities that change river landscapes?

A

Urbanisation, land-use change (building on flooplains, deforestations of slopes and curves of land) and deforestation changes river landscapes

39
Q

What are the costs and benefits of flood walls?

A

Costs of flood walls: expensive, don’t look natural, limits river access, can cause flooding downstream
Benefits: prevents water from flooding small areas ie settlements

40
Q

What are the costs and benefits of embankments?

A

Costs of embankments: Can burst under pressure
Benefits of embankments: inexpensive, increases capacity river, stops floods in small areas, can be made environmentally friendly

41
Q

What are the costs and benefits of flood barriers?

A

Costs of flood barriers: they are temporary installments, so it carries risk of not being installed in time
Benefits of flood barriers: Cheap, used in scenic areas

42
Q

What are the costs and benefits of floodplain retention?

A

Costs of floodplain retention: Farmland can be affected as land is being flooded
Benefits of floodplain retention: cheap, slows down water, adds sediment to floodplain, restores soil structure

43
Q

What are the costs and benefits of river resoration?

A

Costs of river restoration: can affect land use such as farming as flood plain retention may also be needed
Benefits of river restoration: Cheaper, restores meanders, creates natural rivers for wildlife habitats and recreation

44
Q

What are the characteristics of urban core?

A

Urban core has high population density, primarily young population, economically active, large number of jobs, wide culture, services, infrastructural hubs eg stations, high property prices

45
Q

What are the characteristics of rural periphery?

A

Rural peripheries have low population density, ageing population, primary and industrial jobs, renewable energies, cheap property prices

46
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Enterprise zones are areas where companies based there can receive tax breaks and government support

47
Q

What are the types of national migration?

A

Types of national migration include retirement migration and rural-urban migration

48
Q

Why do people migrate internationally?

A

People migrate internationally for work, better transport, better community and more diverse culture, escaping conflict and political issues

49
Q

What graph measures the trends of sectors through the industrial periods?

A

Clark fisher model shows trends of sectors

50
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of the world

51
Q

What has increased FDI?

A

FDI has increased due to globalisation, free-trade policies, and privatisation (selling state-owned industries to private investors)

52
Q

What is free trade?

A

Free trade is the international trade in goods and services where taxes and tariffs arent involved

53
Q

What were the positives and negatives of the regeneration of longbridge?

A

Longbridge regeneration:
+ = 10,000 jobs, 3 new parks, less pressure to build on green belt
- = shop closures, high unemployment, rise in house prices

54
Q

What were the positives and negatives of rebranding eastside?

A 
\+ = 12000 new jobs, education centre, new homes, city park
- = high property prices, increased traffic flows, lack of new infrastructure
55
Q

What are four ways Birmingham can become more sustainable?

A

Birmingham can be more sustainable thorugh recycling, green transport, green spaces and eco-housing

56
Q

What are the positives of Birmingham rural areas?

A

Positives of rural birmingham is that its peaceful and useful for leisure, farmers diversify to make more money and more jobs are made from building homes

57
Q

What are the challenges of Birmingham rural areas?

A

People may not use local shop and work in the city, rising cost of land and houses, loss of agricultural land as more homes are built

58
Q

What are floodplains created by?

A

Floodplains are created by meander migration at the mouth of a river

59
Q

What increases the height of a floodplain?

A

The river drops the sediment it is carrying due to losing energy, which increases the height of the floodplain

60
Q

What are levees?

A

Levees are natural piles of sediment created at the side of a river due to it being deposited by rivers; happens when it floods

61
Q

What are deltas?

A

Deltas are low-lying bits of land where rivers meet the ocean/lake. This happens due to the river losing momentum at the mouth. The rivers can be blocked by deltas and so forms tributaries

62
Q

What factors affect slope processes?

A
  • Steeper valleys = more debris pulled down to river bed
  • Mass movement = carries a lot of river load
  • Soil creep (gravity causes soil to fall down slope)
63
Q

What is lag time?

A

Lag time is the intervall between peak rainfall and peak discharge on a graph

64
Q

What factors affect rainfall and river discharge on a hydrograph?

A
  • Steep slopes = more water in river = higher discharge
  • Impermeable rocks = more water in river = higher discharge
  • Deforestation = less water intercepted = reduces lag time
  • Geology
  • Climate
65
Q

How can farmers diversify?

A

Farmers can diversify by:

  • Creating tourist attractions
  • Offering B&B’s
  • Opening shops to sell their produce
66
Q

What policy provides training for farmers for diversification, in order to help them make money from their trade?

A

The common agricultural policy (CAP) helps farmers diversify their farmlands to increase income from trade

67
Q

How are meanders formed?

A
  • Current is fastest at bends = high energy = more erosion = river cliffs form
  • Shallow water = weak current = less energy = deposition = slip-off slopes form
68
Q

How do oxbow lakes form?

A
  • More erosion = bends get closer to eachother
  • Floods = high energy water breaches neck
  • Rivers flows straight at fast velocity
  • Desposits fill up meander bends
  • Oxbow lake is cut off and formed

Summer GCSE (12 decks)

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