Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summer GCSE > Geography Paper 2 > Flashcards

Geography Paper 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment that has compacted together over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three main types of sedimentary rock in the UK?

A

The three main types of sedimentary rock in the UK are limestone, chalk and clay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is limestone formed?

A

Limestone is formed from the suppression of shells and skeletons of dead marine organisms over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is chalk formed?

A

Chalk is formed from the suppression of shells and skeletons of dead marine organisms over time similarly to limestone, but however are softer in texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is clay formed?

A

Clay is a very soft rock formed from mud and clay minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is chalk and clay mainly found in the UK?

A

Chalk and clay is mostly found in South-East England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is limestone mainly found in the UK?

A

Limestone is mostly found to the North and West of England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are igneous rock?

A

Igneous rock is formed from when the Earth’s magma from the Mantle cools and harden, meaning a main feature of them are that they are hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are igneous rocks mainly found in the UK?

A

Igneous rock is mostly found in Scotland, North-East of England, Lake District and Snowdonia (Wales)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks are formed from intense heat and pressure which causes other rocks to change. The resulting rocks are more hard and compact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the main metamorphic rock types in the UK

A

Shale, Slate and Schist are main igneous rock types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are metamorphic rocks mostly found in the UK?

A

Metamorphic rocks are mainly found in large bands across Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which landscapes are formed from limestone?

A

Limestone forms valleys and resurgent rivers due to being heavily affected by carbonate weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the features of the UK uplands?

A

The UK uplands are rugged, with steep relief and weathered rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of the UK lowlands?

A

The UK lowlands have gentle relief and very fertile soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to rivers at the end of glacial periods?

A

At the end of glacial periods, rivers become much bigger and more powerful as melted ice has flowed into them, meaning they erode the landscape with a greater force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is plucking?

A

Plucking is when meltwater freezes on a piece of rock surrounding a glacier and then rips off bits of the rock when it moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Abrasion is when rocks scrape along the seabed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

Freeze-thaw weathering is when water fills cracks in rocks, itll freeze and expand, putting pressure on the rock. This freezing and thawing erodes the rock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the human activities that affect the UK physical landscape?

A

The human activities that affect the UK physical landscape include agrictulture, settlements and forestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do settlements affect the landscape?

A

Settlements are built by clearing land. Building things out of impermeable materials such as concrete increases surface run-off and can change drainage patterns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does agriculture affect the landscape?

A

Agriculture involves clearing land for harvesting and cattle farming, increasing grazing by the animals. Hedgerows and drainage ditches are also introduced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are concordant coastlines?

A

Concordant coastlines are rock layers parallel to the coast. They have a harder layer protecting less resistant rock inland as once broken through, caves are created as the softer rock is eroded more rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are discordant coastlines?

A

Discordant coastlines are alternating rock types perpendicular to the coast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are formed at discordant coastlines?

A

At discordant coastlines, headlands and bays are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are wave-cut platforms formed?

A

Wave-cut platforms are formed when overtime the cliff is undercut and the unsupported cliff face collapses. The cliff retreats inland leaving a flat rocky area visible at low tide which is a wave cut platform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What factors increase erosion of the coast?

A
  • Storm surges (mores torms > higher winds > lower pressures > larger waves)
  • Prevailing winds (longer fetch > more destructive waves)
  • Sub aerial processes (mass movement, slumping, sliding)
  • Weathering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Mass movement is the large scale movement of sediment usually downslope

29
Q

What is slumping?

A

Slumping is where rain seeps through soil and permeable rock which meets an impermeable rock

30
Q

What is long-shore drift?

A

Long-shore drift is the zig-zag movement of sediment up the beach at an angle due to prevailing winds pushing waves and washing sediment up the beach

31
Q

How does human activity affect the coastline?

A

Construction of infrastructure removes sand and gravel from coasts, which causes erosion further downstream. Agricultural areas are most affected due to their low value importance

32
Q

What are the physical factors that increase erosion?

A

Climate change > rising sea levels through thermal expansion, melting ice caps and temporary rises due to low pressure systems and surges > increased marine erosion and deposition

33
Q

How were mountain ranges formed?

A

Mountain ranges were formed from rocks folding and uplifting as a result of plate collisions

34
Q

What are the main ways that tectonic activity shaped the UK landscape?

A

Main ways that shaped the uk landscape is plate collisions (metamorphic), plant movement (sedimentary) and active volcanoes (igneous)

35
Q

What are the features of the upper course of the river?

A

The features of the upper course of the river include:

  • Steep gradient
  • Vertical erosion - hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition)
  • Narrow, shallow channels
  • V shaped valleys from vertical erosion
  • Interlocking spurs (river losing energy and re routes and curls around resistant rock)
36
Q

What are the features of the middle course of the river?

A

The features of the middle course of the river include:

  • The river widens and deepens
  • Vertical erosion + Lateral erosion
  • Meanders
  • Tributaries join > velocity and discharge increases
37
Q

What are the features of the lower course of the river?

A

The features of the lower course of a river include:

  • Low gradients
  • Geology: alluvium, sands, gravels
  • Widens and deepens
  • Smooth channel
  • Fast velocity due to less friction with the riverbed
38
Q

What are some examples of human activities that change river landscapes?

A

Urbanisation, land-use change (building on flooplains, deforestations of slopes and curves of land) and deforestation changes river landscapes

39
Q

What are the costs and benefits of flood walls?

A

Costs of flood walls: expensive, don’t look natural, limits river access, can cause flooding downstream
Benefits: prevents water from flooding small areas ie settlements

40
Q

What are the costs and benefits of embankments?

A

Costs of embankments: Can burst under pressure
Benefits of embankments: inexpensive, increases capacity river, stops floods in small areas, can be made environmentally friendly

41
Q

What are the costs and benefits of flood barriers?

A

Costs of flood barriers: they are temporary installments, so it carries risk of not being installed in time
Benefits of flood barriers: Cheap, used in scenic areas

42
Q

What are the costs and benefits of floodplain retention?

A

Costs of floodplain retention: Farmland can be affected as land is being flooded
Benefits of floodplain retention: cheap, slows down water, adds sediment to floodplain, restores soil structure

43
Q

What are the costs and benefits of river resoration?

A

Costs of river restoration: can affect land use such as farming as flood plain retention may also be needed
Benefits of river restoration: Cheaper, restores meanders, creates natural rivers for wildlife habitats and recreation

44
Q

What are the characteristics of urban core?

A

Urban core has high population density, primarily young population, economically active, large number of jobs, wide culture, services, infrastructural hubs eg stations, high property prices

45
Q

What are the characteristics of rural periphery?

A

Rural peripheries have low population density, ageing population, primary and industrial jobs, renewable energies, cheap property prices

46
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Enterprise zones are areas where companies based there can receive tax breaks and government support

47
Q

What are the types of national migration?

A

Types of national migration include retirement migration and rural-urban migration

48
Q

Why do people migrate internationally?

A

People migrate internationally for work, better transport, better community and more diverse culture, escaping conflict and political issues

49
Q

What graph measures the trends of sectors through the industrial periods?

A

Clark fisher model shows trends of sectors

50
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of the world

51
Q

What has increased FDI?

A

FDI has increased due to globalisation, free-trade policies, and privatisation (selling state-owned industries to private investors)

52
Q

What is free trade?

A

Free trade is the international trade in goods and services where taxes and tariffs arent involved

53
Q

What were the positives and negatives of the regeneration of longbridge?

A

Longbridge regeneration:
+ = 10,000 jobs, 3 new parks, less pressure to build on green belt
- = shop closures, high unemployment, rise in house prices

54
Q

What were the positives and negatives of rebranding eastside?

A 
\+ = 12000 new jobs, education centre, new homes, city park
- = high property prices, increased traffic flows, lack of new infrastructure
55
Q

What are four ways Birmingham can become more sustainable?

A

Birmingham can be more sustainable thorugh recycling, green transport, green spaces and eco-housing

56
Q

What are the positives of Birmingham rural areas?

A

Positives of rural birmingham is that its peaceful and useful for leisure, farmers diversify to make more money and more jobs are made from building homes

57
Q

What are the challenges of Birmingham rural areas?

A

People may not use local shop and work in the city, rising cost of land and houses, loss of agricultural land as more homes are built

58
Q

What are floodplains created by?

A

Floodplains are created by meander migration at the mouth of a river

59
Q

What increases the height of a floodplain?

A

The river drops the sediment it is carrying due to losing energy, which increases the height of the floodplain

60
Q

What are levees?

A

Levees are natural piles of sediment created at the side of a river due to it being deposited by rivers; happens when it floods

61
Q

What are deltas?

A

Deltas are low-lying bits of land where rivers meet the ocean/lake. This happens due to the river losing momentum at the mouth. The rivers can be blocked by deltas and so forms tributaries

62
Q

What factors affect slope processes?

A
  • Steeper valleys = more debris pulled down to river bed
  • Mass movement = carries a lot of river load
  • Soil creep (gravity causes soil to fall down slope)
63
Q

What is lag time?

A

Lag time is the intervall between peak rainfall and peak discharge on a graph

64
Q

What factors affect rainfall and river discharge on a hydrograph?

A
  • Steep slopes = more water in river = higher discharge
  • Impermeable rocks = more water in river = higher discharge
  • Deforestation = less water intercepted = reduces lag time
  • Geology
  • Climate
65
Q

How can farmers diversify?

A

Farmers can diversify by:

  • Creating tourist attractions
  • Offering B&B’s
  • Opening shops to sell their produce
66
Q

What policy provides training for farmers for diversification, in order to help them make money from their trade?

A

The common agricultural policy (CAP) helps farmers diversify their farmlands to increase income from trade

67
Q

How are meanders formed?

A
  • Current is fastest at bends = high energy = more erosion = river cliffs form
  • Shallow water = weak current = less energy = deposition = slip-off slopes form
68
Q

How do oxbow lakes form?

A
  • More erosion = bends get closer to eachother
  • Floods = high energy water breaches neck
  • Rivers flows straight at fast velocity
  • Desposits fill up meander bends
  • Oxbow lake is cut off and formed

Summer GCSE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions