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Summer GCSE > Chem p2 > Flashcards

Chem p2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the equilibrium change when there is more reactants than products?

A

The equilibrium shifts to favour the left

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2
Q

How does the equilibrium change when there are more products than reactants?

A

Equilibrium shifts to favour the right

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3
Q

What side does equilbrium favour when a reaction is cooled?

A

When a reaction is cooled, equilibrium favours the left / the endothermic reaction in a reversible reaction to take in heat energy

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4
Q

What side does equilibrium favour when a reaction is heated?

A

When a reaction is heated, equilibrium favours the right / the exothermic reaction in a reversible reaction to release energy

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5
Q

What side does equilbrium favour when pressure of a reaction increases?

A

When the pressure of a reaction increases, the equilibrium favours the side with the fewer molecules of gas

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6
Q

What side does equilibrium favour when pressure of a reaction decreases?

A

When the pressure of a reaction decreases, the equlibrium favours the side with more molecules of gas

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7
Q

How does a system respond when the amount of reactants increase?

A

When the amount of reactants increase, the system makes more products

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8
Q

How does a system respond when the amount of reactants decrease?

A

When reactants decrease, the system will make more reactants

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9
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

The test for alkenes is the bromine test = orange solution becomes colourless if alkenes are present

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10
Q

What are the properties of alcohol?

A

The properties of alcohol include: flammable, soluble in water (they give neutral solutions), reacts with sodium to form hydrogen gas, oxidised by oxidising agents to form carboxylic acids

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11
Q

What are the key uses of alcohol?

A

Key uses of alcohol include fuels and solvents

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12
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Fermentation is when an enzyme in yeast is used to convert sugar solutions to aqueous solutions of ethanol

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13
Q

What is the reaction to fermentation?

A

Sugar > Ethanol + CO2

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14
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

A

Properties of carboxylic acids: weak acids, higher pH than strong acids

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15
Q

What are esters?

A

Esters are molecules formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid

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16
Q

What is the reaction for producing esters?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid > ester + water

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17
Q

What is a pure substance in chemistry?

A

Pure substance is a substance containing only one element or compound

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18
Q

What will a pure substance do?

A

A pure substance will melt at a specific temperature and boil at a specific temperature

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19
Q

What will an impure substance do?

A

An impurity will lower melting point + increase melting range, increase boiling point + may increase boiling range

20
Q

What is a formulation?

A

A formulation is a useful mixture with a precise purpose eg alloys, medicines, food, fuels

21
Q

What is the test for hydrogen gas?

A

Hydrogen burns quickly with a pop

22
Q

What is the test for oxygen gas?

A

Oxygen relights a glowing splint

23
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Damp litmus paper will turn white if chlorine is present

24
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy

25
Q

What are anions?

A

Anions are ions with a negative charge

26
Q

What are cations?

A

Cations are ions with a positive charge

27
Q

How do we test for sulfates?

A

Test for sulfates by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to barium chloride solution. If sulfates are present, a white precipitate will form

28
Q

How do we test for carbonates?

A

Test for carbonates by adding dilute acid and connecting it to a tube of limewater. Carbonate ions will react to form co2 > cloudiness

29
Q

How do we test for halides?

A

Halids include adding dilute nitric acid to silver nitrate solution.
Chloride - white precipitate
Bromide - cream precipitate
Iodide - yellow precipitate

30
Q

What are the results of the cations in the flame test?

A 
Lithium = red
Sodium = yellow
Potassium  = lilac 
Calcium = orange
Copper = green
31
Q

What is the disadvantage of flame tests?

A

In flame tests, if the sample contains a mix of metal ions, flame colours may be hidden by other flame

32
Q

What are the advantages of instrumental analysis?

A

Sensitive (Detects tiny amounts), fast, accurate are advantages of instrumental analysis

33
Q

What can the light spectra in flame emission spectroscopy do?

A

The lights can help identify ions in solution and determine the concentration of the ions - intensity of the line

34
Q

What happens in flame emission spectroscopy?

A

In FES, the sample is heated in flame > light analysed in spectrum > line spectrum of different wavelengths of light is produced

35
Q

How has the atmosphere developed over time?

A

Intense volcanic activity > nitrogen and carbon dioxide mostly in the atmosphere> water vapour condensed to form oceans, layers of sediment formed from carbonate precipitates

36
Q

What is crude oil and natural gas formed from?

A

Crude oil and natural gas is formed from compressed plankton deposits

37
Q

What is coal formed from?

A

Coal is formed from compressed plant deposits

38
Q

What is limestone formed from?

A

Limestone is formed from compressed calcium carbonate deposits from shells and marine skeletons

39
Q

What is the composition of the current atmosphere?

A

80% = nitrogen, 19% = oxygen, 1% = other gases eg h20 vapour, co2, ch4

40
Q

What is carbon monoxide formed from and what can it cause?

A

Carbon monoxide is formed from incomplete combustion and can cause comas and death

41
Q

What is carbon particulates formed from and what can it cause?

A

Carbon particulates are formed from incomplete combustion and can cause global dimming

42
Q

What is sulfur dioxide formed from and what can it cause?

A

Sulfur dioxide is caused by oxidation of sulfur impurities and can cause acidic rain

43
Q

What is oxides of nitrogen formed from and what can it cause?

A

Oxides of nitrogen are caused by heat of fossil fuels can causes acid rain

44
Q

What is the process of phytomining?

A

Phytomining is when plants are planted in soil containing copper > copper builds up in leaves > plants are burnt > ash contains copper ions

45
Q

What is the process of bioleaching?

A

Bioleaching involves bacteria mixing with low grade ore > makes copper compounds soluble > leachate solution is electrolysed

46
Q

What are the two processes involved in desalination?

A

Distillation (boiling water to separate out from dissolved salts), Reverse Osmosis (passing water through membranes that only water molecules are allowed to pass through)

47
Q

How is sewage water treated?

A

Sewage water:
1) screening
2) sedimentation
effluent > aerobic digestion of organic matter > back into the environment
sludge > anaerobic digestion of organic matter > natural gas or fertiliser

Summer GCSE (12 decks)

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