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Summer GCSE > Physics Paper 1 Topics > Flashcards

Physics Paper 1 Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 energy stores?

A

the 8 energy stores are kinetic, gravitational potential,
elastic potential, electrostatic, thermal, chemical,
magnetic, nuclear

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of energy transfers?

A

The four types of energy transfers include mechanical,

electrical, heating, radiation

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3
Q

What is a system?

A

A system is a single object or a group of objects

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4
Q

Describe the energy transfers when an arm throws a ball up

A

Energy stored in chemical energy store of arm > force

exerts by arm doing work > kinetic energy store of the ball and arm

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5
Q

Describe the energy transfers when a ball is falling

A

Gravitational potential energy store of ball >
gravitational fall force work > kinetic energy store of the
ball

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6
Q

Describe the energy transfers of a car applying their

brakes

A

Kinetic energy store of wheels > friction does work >

thermal energy store of surroundings

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7
Q

Describe the energy transfers when a car hits a tree

A

Kinetic energy store of car > normal contact force
does work > other energy stores eg elastic potential
energy store

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8
Q

Describe the energy transfers of a kettles heating

element + water

A

Switch > energy transferred electrically > kettles
thermal energy store > energy transferred by heating >
thermal energy store of water

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9
Q

How do we calculate kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity squared

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10
Q

How do we calculate gravitational potential energy?

A

Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height

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11
Q

What is the conservation of energy?

A

The conservation of energy states that energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but not created or destroyed

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12
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celcius

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13
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A closed system is when no energy or matter is transferred in or out of the system, so there is no overall change in total energy

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14
Q

How is energy transferred through a pot on a hob?

A

Energy is transferred usefully to thermal energy store, some energy is dissipated to thermal energy store of surroundings

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15
Q

What is conduction?

A

Conduction is a process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles

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16
Q

What is convection?

A

Convection is where energetic particles move from hotter to cooler regions

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17
Q

What are two ways we can reduce unwanted energy transfers and how do they work?

A

We can reduce unwanted energy transfers with lubricants and thermal insulation. Lubricants reduce frictional force therefore less energy is dissipated. Thermal insulation eg wool reduces unwanted energy transfers by heating

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18
Q

How can we decrease how quickly a building cools?

A

We can decrease how quickly a building cools by increasing the thickness of the walls and making the walls out of material with lower thermal conductivity.

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19
Q

What does a higher thermal conductivity mean?

A

Higher thermal conductivity means energy is transferred faster by conduction

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20
Q

What is the independant and dependant variable involved when you are finding the affect of different materials on the mass of hot water?

A

Independant variable = type of material of material thickness
Dependant variable = temperature change > measure with thermometer and timer

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21
Q

How is electricity transferred across the national grid?

A

In the national grid, electricity is transferred from the power station > step up transformer > step down transformer > consumer

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22
Q

What does a step up transformer do?

A

Step up transformer increases potential difference and decreases current

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23
Q

What does a step down transformer do?

A

Step down transformer decreases potential difference and increases current

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24
Q

How can we increase the effiency of energy transfer in the national grid?

A

Increase efficency by decreasing current and increasing potential difference, as a high current means that the wires will heat up and transfer a lot of energy to the thermal energy store of surroundings

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25
Q

What is the method for determing the density of a regular solid?

A

Use balance to find mass > use ruler to find length of each side > calculate volume by cubing the length > density = mass/volume

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26
Q

What is the method for determing the density of an irregular solid?

A

Use balance to find mass > fill eureka can with water > place object in water so water is displaced and flow out > measure volume of water displaced > density = mass/volume

27
Q

How do you calculate density?

A

Density = mass/volume

28
Q

What are the features of a solid? (arrangement, forces, distance, motion)

A

Solids:

  • Fixed arrangement
  • Strong forces between particles
  • Close together
  • Vibrates
29
Q

What are the features of a liquid? (arrangement, forces, distance, motion)

A

Liquids:

  • Irregular particle arrangement
  • Weak forces between particles
  • Small distance between particles
  • Slow particle motion
30
Q

What are the features of a gas? (arrangement, forces, distance, motion)

A

Gas:

  • Irregular particle arrangement
  • Very weak forces between particles
  • Far apart from each other
  • Fast particle motion
31
Q

What happens during boiling/heating? (when they change state)

A

During boiling:

  • Bonds are broken
  • Internal energy increases
  • Temperature stays the same
32
Q

What happens during freezing/condensing? (when they change state)

A

During freezing/condensing:

  • Bonds strengthen
  • Internal energy decreases
  • Temperature stays the same
33
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1-degree Celcius

34
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

Specific latent heat is the amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature

35
Q

How do we increase the effeciency of an object being heated eg a pot on a hob or a kettle?

A

Increase effeciency by placing the heating element in the water, adding a lid, using plastic walls to reduce heat escaping through walls as plastic has a low thermal conductivity

36
Q

Why do solids have a high density?

A

Solids have a high density because the particles are close together, meaning it has a lot of mass for its volume

37
Q

Why do gases have a low density?

A

Gases have a low density because particles are far apart, and has a small mass for their volume

38
Q

Why do some solids have a lower density than others?

A

Solids that are an open structure with open spaces have a lower density

39
Q

What is the change of state called when a solid becomes a gas?

A

When a solid becomes a gas, this is called sublimation

40
Q

What are the energy transfers involved when an arm throws a ball up?

A

Chemical energy store of arm > force exerted by arm doing work > kinetic energy store of ball and arm

41
Q

What are the energy transfers of a ball falling?

A

Gravitational potential energy store of ball > gravitational force does work > kinetic energy store of ball

42
Q

What are the energy transfers of brake applying to car wheels?

A

Kinetic energy stores of wheels > friction does work > thermal energy store of surroundings

43
Q

What are the energy transfers of a car hitting a tree?

A

Kinetic energy store of car > normal contact force does work > other energy stores eg elastic potential

44
Q

What are the energy transfers of a kettles heating element and water?

A

Switch > energy transferred electrically > thermal energy store of kettles heating element > energy transferred by heating > thermal energy store of water

45
Q

What are the trends in energy use between 1990s and 2000s?

A

Between the 1990s and 2000s, electricity increased due to population growth

46
Q

What are the trends in energy use after the 2000s?

A

After the 2000s, electricity use decreases as appliances become efficient

47
Q

Why do we advocate for more renewable energy?

A

None-renewable energy is damaging to the environment, and will eventually run out

48
Q

What happens in an ohmic conductor? (at constant temperature)

A

In an ohmic conductor, the current is directly proportional to potential difference so resistance doesn’t change. The IV characteristic is linear

49
Q

What happens in a filament lamp?

A

In a filament lamp, current increases, temperature increases and so resistance increases. The IV characteristic is non-linear.

50
Q

What happens in a diode?

A

In a diode, there is high resistance in one direction, and current only flows in the other direction. The IV characteristic for a diode is non-linear.

51
Q

What happens in an LDR?

A

In an LDR:

  • Resistance depends on light intensity
  • Lower resistance in bright light
  • Used in automatic night lights
52
Q

What happens in a thermistor?

A

In a thermistor:

  • Resistance depends on temperature
  • Lower resistance in higher temperature
  • Used in thermostats
53
Q

What does the amount of energy an appliance transfers depend on?

A

The amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on:

  • Appliance’s power
  • How long appliance is on for
54
Q

How is an electric spark formed?

A

Electric charge builds up on an object, potential difference between object and earth increases, when potential difference is large enough there is a spark

55
Q

How does a static charge form?

A

Two materials rub together, electrons move from one to another, materials become electrically charged, charge is equal and opposite

56
Q

What happens when a substance melts/boils?

A

When a substance melts/boils:

  • Bonds are broken
  • Internal energy increases (energy is transferred to particles’ potential energy store)
  • Temperature stays the same
57
Q

What happens when a substance condenses/freezes?

A

When a substance condenses/freezes:

  • Bonds strengthen
  • Internal energy decreases (energy transferred away from particles potential energy store)
  • Temperature stays same
58
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

Specific latent heat of fusion is the specific latent heat of changing between a solid and liquid

59
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vapourisation?

A

Specific latent heat of vapourisation is the specific latent heat of changing between a liquid and a gas

60
Q

Why is an atom’s overall charge zero?

A

An atom’s overall charge is zero because number of electrons = number of protons

61
Q

How are electrons and EM radiation related?

A

Electrons absorb EM radiation to move to higher energy levels, and emit EM radiation to move to lower energy levels

62
Q

How have the models of the atoms changed?

A

1) . Tiny sphere
2) . Plum pudding model (sphere of positive charge with negative electrons embedded)
3) . Nuclear model (positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons)
4) . Bohr model (electrons orbit nucleus at certain distances)

63
Q

What were the conclusions found from the alpha scattering experiment?

A
  • Most of the mass concentrated in nucleus
  • Nucleus is positively charged
  • Nucleus is mostly empty space

Summer GCSE (12 decks)

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