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CORE > Physics - Nucs > Flashcards

Physics - Nucs Flashcards

1
Q

Mass number: A means what?

A

sum of protons (Z) and neutrons (N) within nucleus

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2
Q

If A is the same what’s that called?

A

Isobars

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3
Q

If Z is the same what is that called?

A

Z = Protons , Isotope

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4
Q

Transmutation is what?

A

Decay involving the change in the number of protons

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5
Q

What state is the most stable?

A

Ground State

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6
Q

Isomeric states are

A

Higher / excited states which are unstable

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7
Q

Excited states transform back to lower-energy states by what?

A

Gamma-radiation

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8
Q

Gamma rays are what?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from a nuclear process

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9
Q

What is the change between in the parent and daughter of A and Z after an isomeric transition

A

They are the same Mass number (A) and Atomic number (Z) is unchanged between parent and daughter

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10
Q

Isomeric states with long lifetimes are called?

A

Metastable

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11
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Isomeric

A

No change to A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

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12
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Beta Minus

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A = no change

Z + 1

N - 1

Nucleus emits electrons

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13
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Beta plus

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A = no change

Z - 1

N + 1

Nucleus emits positrons

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14
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Electron Capture

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A = no change

Z - 1

N + 1

Atoms emit characteristic x-rays

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15
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Alpha decay

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A - 4

Z - 2

N - 2

heavy nuclei (Z>82)

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16
Q

What nucs isotopes decay via electron capture?

A

67-Ga

111 - In

123 - I

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17
Q

What is activity?

A

transformations per unit time

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18
Q

What is the SI unit of activity

A

Becquerel = 1 nuclear transformation / second

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19
Q

Non-SI unit of activity

A

Millicuries 9MCi) 1 mCi = 37 MBq

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20
Q

How is activity related to the decay constant?

A

Directly proportional

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the decay constant (lambda) and the halflife?

A

T(1/2) = 0.69/(lambda)

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22
Q

What is effective half-life as related too Physical and biologic half-life

A

1/effective = 1/phsical decay + 1/biologic

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23
Q

What are the isotopes created by cyclotron?

A

Ga-67, I-123, F-18, In-111

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24
Q

What isotopes can be made from fission products?

A

I-131, Xe-133, Sr-90 Mo-99

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25
Q

How do fission products decay

A

beta minus

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26
Q

Ga-67

Half life

Photons

Production

Decay

A

78 hours

90,190,290,390

Cyclotron

EC

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27
Q

Tc-99m

Photons

Production

Decay

Half Life

A

140

Generator

IT - Isomeric transition

6 hours

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28
Q

IN - 111

Photons

Production

Decay

Half life

A

173, 247

Cyclotron

EC

68 hours

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29
Q

123 I

Photons

Projection

Decay

Half life

A

159

Cyclotron

EC

13 hours

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30
Q

131 I

Photons

Production

Decay

Half - Life

A

364

Fission product

Beta

8 days

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31
Q

What is specific activity?

A

Activity per unit mass (Bq/g)

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32
Q

How is Tc-99m obtained

A

Moly Mo99 generator

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33
Q

How is Rb82 obtained? Half life?

A

Sr-82 generator. 1.25 minutes

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34
Q

Starting with a fresh generator how long before equlibrium is reached between parent and daughter?

A

About 4 half-lives of the daughter

35
Q

Half life of Mo99. How long is the generator useful?

A

66 hours (HL), and about 5 working days.

36
Q

What is transient equilibrium?

What is secular equilibrium?

How long until they are reached?

A

When the parent is short lived

When the parent is long lived

~ 4 (HL)

37
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Active transport?

A

Thyroid Update I 123

38
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Capillary blockade

A

MAA for lung perfusion

39
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Compartmental localization?

A

Tc99m red cells for blood pool scanning

40
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Compartmental leakage

A

Tc99 RBC GI bleed study

41
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Diffusion

A

DTPA renal scan

42
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Phagocytosis

A

Tc99m sulfur colloid for liver/spleen function

43
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Physiochemical adsoprtion

A

Tc99 pyrophosphates for bone scan

44
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Cell sequestration

A

111In leukocytes for spleen scan

45
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Metabolism?

A

FDG pet

46
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Neuroreceptor imaing?

A

F18-florbetaben

47
Q

In nucs what is an example of: Antibiody reactions

A

TC-99m monoclonal antibiodies

48
Q

What is the regulatory limit for moly breakthrough?

A

5.5 kBq moly per 37 MBq of Tc99m

49
Q

How do you test for alumina breakthrough?

A

color paper

50
Q

How do you check for radionuclide purity

A

Photopeak in spectroscopy (Mo in Tc)

51
Q

How do you test for radiochemical purity?

A

Thin-layer chromatography (Free pertechnetate in 99mTc-DTPA)

52
Q

What is chemical purity?

A

Amount of unwated chemical contaminants in the agent

53
Q

What testing should be performed on radionuclides prior to administration to patients?

A

Sterility and pyrogen testing

54
Q

What is the rate of adverse reactions in radiopharmaceuticals?

A

2 per 100,000

55
Q

What is the photopeak for 123 - I?

A

160

56
Q

What is the photopeak for Tc99m?

A

140

57
Q

What is decetion efficiency as it relates to NaI?

A

% of incident gamma rays totally absorbed in the scintillator via photoelectric effect

58
Q

How does increasing photon energy effect detection effiency?

A

decreases it.

59
Q

How is photoelectric effect and energy related?

A

PE = 1/E^3

60
Q

FWHM of Tc99M in a 10 mm NaI crystal is 14 KeV what is the energy resolution?

A

10% (140 KeV energy for Tc)

61
Q

The PHA window is likely set to what?

A

Twice energy resolution

62
Q

What is a well counter? What is is good for?

A

Sample is inserted into a well within the crystal.

Identify radionuclides from photopeak energy

Can also measure activity

63
Q

What is an uptake probe used for?

A

Quantify radioiodine in patients

64
Q

Iodine update is measured at once distance and what time after administration?

A

30 cm and 24 hours after administration.

65
Q

What is a dose calibrator?

A

An ionization chamber, meausing dose in MBq or mCi

66
Q

Administered dose must be within what of the perscrived dose?

A

20%

67
Q

Dose calibrator response is checked how often and with what?

A

Daily, 137 Cs. Measurements should be within 5%

68
Q

Accuracy of dose calibrators is checked when?

A

Installation and annually

69
Q

Linearity of dose calibrators is checked when? How?

A

Quaterly.

Decay of Tc99m over 72 hours or with lead cylinders to attenuate the signal.

70
Q

How is location of interaction determined in a PMT system?

A

Pulse arithemitc circuit board

71
Q

How do parallel hole collimators change the image size? How does it change with distence? What about resolution as a function of distance?

A

They don’t. FOV stays the same with distance.

Resolution drops dramaticlly with distance.

72
Q

How do converging columnators affect image size?

A

They magnifiy it

73
Q

How do diverging columnators affect image size?

A

They minify it

74
Q

How do pin-hole collimators affect image size?

A

magnified and inverted

75
Q

What are useful to use with a low-energy collimator? (Isotope wise)

A

99m-Tc and 123 I

76
Q

What isotopes are good to use with a medium-energy collimator?

A

67 Ga and 111 In

77
Q

In plannar imaging what is system reolution dominated by?

A

Collimator resolution

78
Q

How is collimator sensitivity related to distance?

A

independent of distance.

79
Q

How many counts are in a typical scintillation images?

A

500,000

80
Q

What is the usual matrix size for nuclear medicine scintillation images?

A

64^2 or 128 ^2

81
Q

What is the count/pixel roughtly in NM images?

A

100

82
Q

Number of 140 Kev photons absorbed by a 10mm NaI crystal? (percent)

A

90%

83
Q

Gamma camera energy resolution is changed how often?

A

Annually. Measured by FWHM

CORE (14 decks)

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