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Physics - Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The concept of removing an electron from an atom

A

Ionization

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2
Q

What are the two main categories of ionizing radiation?

A

Natural and man made

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3
Q

The velocity of light is constant and is symbolized by c
What is the value of c in m/s?

A

3x10^8 m/s

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4
Q

What is the unit of Radiation Absorbed Dose?

A

Gray (Gyt)

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5
Q

What is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element?

A

Atom

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6
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons that can exist in the O shell?

A

2n^2
2(5)^2
= 50

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7
Q

Atomic nuclei that have the same atomic mass number but different atomic number?

A

Isobar

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8
Q

What are the two main types of particulate radiation?

A

Alpha and beta particles

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9
Q

Emission of particles and energy in order for an atom to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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10
Q

As frequency is increased, wavelength is _______

A

Decreased

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11
Q

Which diagnostic imaging modality is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Ultrasound

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12
Q

Where do xray photons and gamma rays originate?

A

Gamma rays come from the nucleus
Xray photons come from the electron cloud

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13
Q

Decreasing the distance from an xray source by half will have what impact on the intensity of the beam?

A

Will increase the intensity of the beam by a factor of 4

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14
Q

The study of stationary electric charges

A

Electrostatics

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15
Q

What are the ways in which electrification can occur?

A

Contact, friction, induction

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16
Q

What voltage is most commonly required for the operation of an xray imaging system

A

220V

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17
Q

Name the 4 different electrical classifications of materials

A

Conductor
Insulator
Semiconductor
Superconductor

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18
Q

An electric current can be induced if a circuit is placed in a ______ magnetic field

A

Varying

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19
Q

What are the 3 main components of the xray imaging system

A

Operating console, high voltage generator, xray tube

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20
Q

The operating console circuit is operated at _______ voltage

A

Low

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21
Q

What device stabilizes incoming voltage and adjusts it to precisely 220V?

A

Line compensator

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22
Q

The number of electrons emitted by the filament is determined by

A

The temperature of the filament

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23
Q

3 phase, 12 pulse waveform has what percentage of voltage ripple

A

4%

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24
Q

What are the 3 main types of xray tube support systems

A

Ceiling, floor to ceiling, c-arm

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25
Q

What type of xray tube support is most frequently used?

A

Ceiling support

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26
Q

What is the most common cause of abrupt tube failure

A

Electron Arching from the filament to the enclosure because of vaporized tungsten

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27
Q

As the target angle decreases, the effective focal spot size _______

A

Decreases

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28
Q

Xray quantity is directly proportional to _______

A

mAs

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29
Q

Xray quantity is inversely proportional to

A

Square of the Distance?

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30
Q

The autotransformer has only one ________

A

Coil

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31
Q

Line compensation accomplishes _______________

A

Is required to stabilize voltage

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32
Q

The filament transformer is usually __________

A

A step down transformer

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33
Q

The filament circuit operates on currents ranging from _______

A

3-6A
Primary windings - 0.5-1A
Secondary windings - 5-8A

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34
Q

What are the 4 types of timing circuits

A

Synchronous
Electronic
mAs
AEC

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35
Q

High voltage transformers only operate on what type of current?

A

AC

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of semiconductors used to form rectifiers?

A

N and P type

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37
Q

High frequency generators have what percentage of voltage ripple?

A

Less than 1%

38
Q

What type of xray tube enclosures are less prone to arching?

A

Metal

39
Q

Where is the ionization chamber positioned in a system using AEC

A

Between the IR and the patient

40
Q

What are the 2 principal components of the cathode?

A

Filament and focusing cup

41
Q

The release of electrons from a heated filament refers to?

A

Thermionic emission

42
Q

What are the main functions of the anode?

A

Conducts electricity
Radiates heat
Radiates X-rays

43
Q

Where is the power supplied to the xray imaging system firsts delivered?

A

Autotransformer

44
Q

What is the major difference between the autotransformer and the conventional transformer?

A

Autotransformer has only one coil

45
Q

Of all the different types of exposure timers, which one is the most accurate?

A

Electronic

46
Q

What primarily determines the quality of the xray beam?

A

Kvp

47
Q

mAs timers are located on what side of the high voltage transformer?

A

Secondary side

48
Q

The product of xray tube current (mA) and exposure time (s) is mAs, but can also be referred to as ?

A

Electrostatic charge (C)

49
Q

What are the 3 primary parts of the high voltage generator?

A

High voltage transformer
Filament transformer
Rectifiers

50
Q

What is the purpose of the high voltage generator in xray imaging systems?

A

Increasing the output voltage from the autotransformer to the kvp necessary for xray production

51
Q

The oil found inside the high voltage generator is used primarily for?

A

Electrical insulation

52
Q

The only difference between the primary and secondary waveforms in high voltage transformers is their?

A

Amplitude

53
Q

The process of converting AC to DC is referred to as?

A

Rectification

54
Q

Why is voltage rectification required?

A

To ensure that electrons flow from xray tube cathode to anode

55
Q

Rectification is accomplished through the use of what?

A

Diodes

56
Q

Half wave rectified circuits contain how many diodes?

A

0-2
And 1/60s

57
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of half wave rectification?

A

Half the power supply is wasted
Requires twice the exposure time

58
Q

What is the negative side of the xray tube?

A

Cathode

59
Q

What is the approximate length of the filament?

A

1-2cm

60
Q

Full wave rectified imaging systems contain at least how many diodes?

A

At least 4 diodes
And 1/120s

61
Q

How many cray pulses per second do full wave rectified, single phase xray units provide?

A

120

62
Q

Which direction are X-rays emitted?

A

Isotropically

63
Q

Xrays are emitted through a special section of the xray tube called the?

A

Window

64
Q

What is the purpose of the protective housing of the xray tube?

A

Guards against excessive radiation exposure and electric shock

65
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the oil found in the protective housing of the tube?

A

Insulator against electric shock and a thermal cushion to dissipate heat

66
Q

Filaments are usually made of what material?

A

Thoriated tungsten

67
Q

What is the approximate length of the xray tube?

A

30-50cm

68
Q

What is the approximate size of the tube window?

A

5cm^2

69
Q

What is the most common cause of tube failure?

A

Tungsten vaporization

70
Q

The effectiveness of the focusing cup is determined by?

A

Its shape and size and its charge

71
Q

Most rotating anode xray tubes have how many filaments?

A

2

72
Q

The xray tube current is adjusted by controlling what?

A

The filament current

73
Q

At any given filament current, the xray tube current rises with increasing voltage to a maximum value. A further increase in kvp does not result in a higher mA because all of the available electrons have been used. This is known as as?

A

Saturation current

74
Q

The size of the small focal spot ranges from?

A

0.1-1mm

75
Q

The size of large focal spots range from?

A

0.3-2mm

76
Q

The positive side of the xray tube is the?

A

Anode

77
Q

What are the 2 types of anodes?

A

Stationary and rotating

78
Q

Stationary anode tubes are generally used for what type of diagnostic imaging systems?

A

Where high tube current and power are not required
Ex. Dentist

79
Q

Why do general purpose xray systems use rotating anodes?

A

They are capable of producing high intensity xray beams in a short time

80
Q

What is the area of the anode that is struck by the electrons from the cathode?

A

Target

81
Q

What type of motor is used to turn the anode?

A

Electromagnetic Induction motor

82
Q

Where is the actual xray source?

A

Focal spot

83
Q

What effect does angling the target have on the effective focal spot?

A

Smaller angle = smaller effective focal spot

84
Q

The smaller the anode angle, the ___________ the heel effect

A

Larger

85
Q

The heel effect results in less radiation intensity on what side of the xray beam?

A

Anode

86
Q

What are the 3 ways in which heat can be dissipated in the xray tube?

A

Radiation, conduction, convection

87
Q

The thermal capacity of an anode, and its heat dissipation characteristics are contained in a rating chart called?

A

Anode cooling chart

88
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy associated with the motion of an object

89
Q

The external magnetic field is supplied to induction motors by several fixed electromagnets called?

A

Stator

90
Q

What device changes the intensity of alternating voltage and current?

A

Transformer

91
Q

Define a step up transformer

A

A transformer with a turns ratio greater than 1, because voltage is increased or stepped up from primary to secondary

92
Q

When emitted from the filament, electrons are on the vicinity of the filament before they are accelerated to the anode. Because these electrons carry negative charges, they repel one another and tend to form a cloud around the filament. This cloud is referred to as?

A

Space charge effect

Physics (10 decks)

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