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MCAT > physics constants and equations > Flashcards

physics constants and equations Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

kinematic equations

A
  1. V=Vo+at
  2. Δx=Vot+1/2at2
  3. V2=Vo2+2a(Δx)
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2
Q

Gravitational force btwn 2 objects

A

F=(Gm1m2)/r2

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3
Q

gravitational constant

A

6.67x10-11 N x m2/kg2

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4
Q

torque

A

t=rFsin(Θ)

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5
Q

centripetal foce

A

F=(mv2)/r

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6
Q

centripetal acceleration

A

a=V2/r

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7
Q

friction force

A

coefficient of static or kinetic friction times normal force

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8
Q

Kinetic energy

A

K=1/2mv2

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9
Q

Potential energy

A

U=mgh

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10
Q

Relating work to energy

A

W=ΔE=ΔK+ΔU

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11
Q

work

A

W=Fd cos Θ

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12
Q

power

A

P=w/t

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13
Q

net work

A

W=ΔK

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14
Q

momentum

A

p=mv

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15
Q

impulse

A

change in momentum

I= Δp (momentum) = FΔt = mvf-mvi

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16
Q

difference between elastic and inelastic collisions

A

kinetic energy is only conserved for elastic collisions

momentum is conserved for both

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17
Q

mechanical advantage

A

Fout/Fin

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18
Q

Efficiency

A

Wout/Win=[(load)(load distance)]/[(effort)(effort distance)]

effort and load in Newtons

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19
Q

center of mass

A

(m1x1 + m2x2 +…)/ m1 + m2 + …

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20
Q

Thermal expansion (ΔL)

A

ΔL = αLΔT

L is length, T is temp, alpha is a constant

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21
Q

volume expansion

A

liquids experience thermal expansion –volume expansion

ΔV=βVΔT

β=3α

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22
Q

change in the internal energy

equation and sign convention

A

ΔU = Q - W

Q is energy transfered through heat to system and W is work done by system.

Work done on the system (-) / work done by system (+)

heat flow out of system (-) / heat flow into system (+)

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23
Q

conversion between Cal, cal, Btu, and Joules

A

1 Cal = 1000 cal = 3.94 Btu = 4184 J

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24
Q

equation used to find heat gained or lost by a substance subjected to a change in temperature

A

Q=mcΔt

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25
Q

equation used to determine heat gained or lost by a substance when tehre is a change of phase

A

Q=mL

m is mass

L is heat of transformation

Q is heat gained or lost

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26
Q

Work done on or by a system that undergoes a change in volume at constant pressure

A

W=PΔV

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27
Q

entropy

A

ΔS=Q/T

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28
Q

entropy for a reversible process

A

ΔS=Q/T=L(m/T)

L = latent heat (either heat of fusion or heat of vaporization)

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29
Q

density

A

p=m/V

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30
Q

Work in terms of density

A

W=pVg

derivation: W=mg

m=pV

W=mVg

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31
Q

Pressure

A

Pressure = F/A

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32
Q

conversion between Pa, atm, torr, mm Hg

A

1.013 x 105 = 1atm = 760 torr = 760 Hg

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33
Q

Absolute pressure

A

the total pressure exerted on an object submerged in a fluid

P=Po+pgh

Po is pressure at the surface

pgh(density,gravity,height)

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34
Q

guage pressure

A

the difference between absolute pressure inside and atmospheric pressure outside

Pg=P-Patm = (Po + pgh) - Patm

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35
Q

pascals principle

A

P = F1/A1 = F2/A2

V=A1/d1=A2/d2 d is liquid displaced

W=PΔV so W=F1d1 = F2d2

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36
Q

buoyant force (for floating objects and for fully submerged objects)

A

Fbuoy= (Vfluid displaced)(pfluid)(g) = weight of object

for fully submerged objects, Fbuoy=(Vobject submerged)(pfluid)(g)

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37
Q

ciritical viscosity

A

critical velocity is the velocity at which, when exceeded, flow of fluid becomes turbulent

Vc=NRn/pD

NR is reynolds number, n is viscosity of the fluid, p is density of fluid and D is diameter of tube

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38
Q

Linear velocity at which fluid flows

A

measure of linear displacement of a fluid particle in a given amount of time

vA=V/time

v is velocity

V is volume

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39
Q

continuity equation

A

fluids flow more quickly through narrow passages than wide ones

v1A1 = v2A2 = constant

v is velocity

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40
Q

bernoulli’s equation

A

P1 + (ρv12 )/2+ ρgy1 = P2 + (ρv22)/2+ ρgy2

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41
Q

Young’s modulus

A

change of length due to stretching or pushing forc;e

Y=(F/A) / (ΔL/L)

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42
Q

shear modulus

A

S = (F/A)/(x/h)

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43
Q

Bulk modulus

A

degree to which a material will experience a change in volume in relation to applied pressure (gasses mostly)

B = (F/A) / (ΔV/ V)

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44
Q

what is the fundamental unit of charge

A

e=1.6 x 10-19

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45
Q

coulombs law

A

F=(kq1q2)/(r2)

constant electric field: F=Eq

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46
Q

what does K (coulombs constant) equal?

A

K = (1/4)πεo

=8.99 x 109 (Nxm2)/C2

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47
Q

Electric field

A

E=F/qo = kq/r2

f is the force felt by test charge qo

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48
Q

Force generated by electric field

A

E=Eq1 + Eq2 + Eq3 + …

F=qoE

49
Q

electric potential energy

A

U=kqQ/r

potential energy between two charges separated by distance r

potential energy due to constant electric field

U=Vq and U=qED

50
Q

electric potential

A

V = W/qo

V=kQ/r

J/C=NxM/C

constant electric field: V=Ed

51
Q

potential difference

A

Voltage between points a and b = Vb-Va = Wab/qo

52
Q

εo

A

8.85 x 10−12

53
Q

conversion between tesla and gauss and units of tesla

A

1 Tesla =1 N x s/m x C = 104 gauss

gauss is smaller

54
Q

determine total electric current passing through a conductor per unit time

A

i=Δq/Δt

unit is 1 Ampere = 1 C/s

55
Q

magnetic field produced by straight current carrying wire

A

B=(µoi)/2πr

56
Q

magnetic field generated by a circular loop of current carying wire at the center of the loop

A

B=(µoi)/2r

57
Q

Force on a moving charge throguh an external magnetic field

A

F=qvB sin θ

q is charge (including sign) v is the velocity and b is the magnetic field

58
Q

µo

A

permeability of free space

= 1.26 x 10-6 T x m/A

59
Q

force on a current carrying wire in a uniform external magnetic field

A

F = iLB sin θ

i is the current, L is length and b is magnetic field

60
Q

resistance

A

R=pL/A

p is resistivity, L is length and A is cross sectional area

61
Q

ohms law

A

V = iR

62
Q

actual voltage supplied by a cell to a circuit

A

V = εcell - irint

r int is the internal resistence = 0 when there is no currentg

εcell is voltage supplied

63
Q

Power of a resistor

A

P=IV = I2R = V2/R

64
Q

total voltage and resistance for resistors in series

A

Vs=v1 + v2 + v3 + ….+Vn

Rs = R 1 + R2 + R3 + …+ Rn

65
Q

total resistance and voltage when resistors are connected in parallel

A

Vp=V1 = V2 = V3 =…=Vn

1/Rp=1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + … + 1/Rn

66
Q

capacitance

A

C=Q/V

C=εo (A/d)

67
Q

Electric field at a point in space between plates of a parallel plate capacitor

A

E=V/d

68
Q

potential energy stored in a capacitor

A

U=1/2 CV2

69
Q

increase in capacitance due to a dialectric material

A

C’=KC

70
Q

voltage and capacitance of capacitors in seris

A

1/Cs=1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + ….

Vs=V1 + v2 + v3 + …

71
Q

voltage and capacitance of Capacitors in parallel

A

Cp=C1 + C2 + C3 + …

Vp = V1 = V2 = V3 =…

72
Q

rms current

A

Irms = Imax/root2

73
Q

rms voltage

A

Vrms = Vmax/root2

74
Q

restoring force of a spring

A

F=-kx

75
Q

angular frequency of a spring

A

ω=2πf

ω=sqt(k/m)

76
Q

potential energy of a spring

A

u=1/2kx^2

77
Q

angular frequency of a pendulum

A

ω=2πf=sqt(g/L)

78
Q

frequency

A

sqt(1/T) or sqt(ω/2π)

79
Q

spring system kmax occurs at?

A

x=0

80
Q

pendulum system kmax occurs at?

A

theta=0 (vertical position)

81
Q

max potential energy of spring system

A

x=+/- X

82
Q

max potential energy of pendulum

A

max value of theta

83
Q

max acceleration of spring system

A

x= +/- X

84
Q

max acceleration of pendulum

A

max value at theta

85
Q

speed of a wave

A

v=fλ

86
Q

sound intensity

A

I = P/A power over area

87
Q

sound level

A

β=10 log I/Io

88
Q

calculate new sound level

A

βf=βi + 10 log ( If / Ii )

( If / Ii ) = ratio of final to initial intensity

89
Q

beat frequency

A

Fbeat=|F1-F2|

90
Q

doppler effect

A

f’=[(v±Vd) / (v∓Vs )]

91
Q

wavelength of a standing wave on a string

A

λ=2L/n

92
Q

frequency of a standing wave on a string

A

f=nv/2L

93
Q

fundamental frequency or first harmonic

A

lowest frequency longest wavelength of a standing wave

94
Q

open pipes

A

act like strings

n=number of half waves

λ=2L/n

f=nv/2L

95
Q

closed pipes

A

λ=4L/n

f=nv/4L

96
Q

speed of light

A

c=fλ

c=3 x 10^8

97
Q

wavelength of red light

A

760 nm

98
Q

law of reflection

A

Θ1=Θ2

99
Q

mirror equations

A

1/o + 1/i=1/f

f=(1/2)r

100
Q

magnification

A

m=-i/o

|m|

|m|>1 image is enlarged

|m|=1 image is the same size

101
Q

snells law

A

n1sinΘ=n2sinΘ

n=c/v

c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the speed of light in the medium

n for air = 1

102
Q

lens power

A

P=1/f

diopters

103
Q

formula for lenses

A

1/o+1/i=1/f

m=-i/o

104
Q

lensmaker’s equation

A

use for thick lenses

1/f=(n-1)(1/r1-1/r2)

n is the index of refraction for lens material r1 is the radius of curvature for first and 2nd lens

105
Q

multiple lens systems

A

for lenses in contact

1/f=1/f1 + 1/f2+1/f3…

P= P1 + P2 + P3…

for lenses not in contact

M=m1 x m2 x m3….

106
Q

peak wavelength at a given temperature

A

(λpeak)(T) = 2.9 x 10^-3

peak wavelength means wavelength that radiates greatest energy. not highest wavelength possible (both higher and lower wavelengths will be admitted

107
Q

energy of a photon

A

E=hf

λ=c/f

108
Q

maximum kinetic energy of an electron ejected by an incident photon

A

Kmax=hf-W

109
Q

energy of an electron with given quantum number in joules

A

E=-RH/n^2

110
Q

rydberg constant

A

2.18 x 10 & -18

111
Q

estimate energy of an electron with given quantum number n in electron volts

A

En=-13.6/n^2

112
Q

change in energy due to absorbtion or emission of a photon

A

hf=Ef-Ei

113
Q

alpha decay

A

emission of a helium nuclius

114
Q

beta particle decay

A

B- decay means nutron becomes a proton

0

        B

-1

115
Q

positron decay

A

proton becomes positron and neutron

0

             B

+1

116
Q

exponential decay

A

rate = Δn/Δt

n=n0e-λt

λ=ln/half life = 0.693/half life

117
Q

wavelength of violet light

A

380 nm

118
Q

potential energy of a pendulum

A

u=mgh

119
Q

doppler effect approximation

A

Δf/fs=v/c

Δλ/λs = v/c

MCAT (17 decks)

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