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The BIG Test > Physics & Chemistry > Flashcards

Physics & Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Is vapor pressure a function of volume, temp, or pressure?

A

Temp

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2
Q

If isoflurane is added to a flask of oxygen, what is the % oxygen and % isoflurane in the flask above the liquid?

A 
*Dalton's Law 
VP of Iso = 240 
760-240 = 521 for O2
240/760 x100 = 31.5%
521/760 x100= 68.6%
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3
Q

Adding Volatile Agent to the Wrong Vaporizer

A 
Agent - vaporizer - output 
HLH
LHL 
H: Isoflurane, Halothane 
L: Sevoflurane, Enflurane
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4
Q

Desflurane Vaporizer

A

Heated to 39 deg C

Vapor pressure - 2 atm, 1500 mmHg

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5
Q

Unit Conversions

A

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi = 101 kPa = 1 bar

1 mmHg = 1.36 cmH2O = 1 torr

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6
Q

Bourdon Gauges

A

High pressures (cylinder)
Pressure relative to atmospheric
NOT the absolute pressure
If gauge reads 0…pressure = atm

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7
Q

Law of LaPlace

A

Cylinder - T = P x r
Ex: blood vessels, LV

Spheres - T = (P x r )/2
Ex: alveoli

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8
Q

Why will a capillary wall withstand a pressure of 100 mmHg far better than a vein?

A

B/c the capillary has a tiny radius - so the tension in the wall of the capillary is extraordinarily smaller than in the vein
*Law of Laplace - T= P x r

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9
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

Greater the tension in the ventricular wall at end-diastole — the greater the SV

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10
Q

What law states that the greater the filling of the LV the greater the tension in the ventricular wall?

A

Law of LaPlace

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11
Q

Tension and Pressure Relationship for Soap Bubbles (Liquid-Air Interface) & Surfactant-Deficient Alveoli

A 
T = (P x r)/2 
Tension does not change 
Tension is independent of radius 
Smaller radius = greater pressure 
Smaller bubbles/alveoli with high pressure will empty into larger bubbles/alveoli with lower pressure
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12
Q

Tension and Pressure Relationship for Normal Alveoli

A

T = (P x r)/2
Surfactant
Pressure does not change
Smaller radius = less tension

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13
Q

Hagen-Poiseuille’s Law

A

F = pie r4 change in pressure /
8 viscosity length

R = 8 viscosity length/
pie r4

*Laminar Flow

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14
Q

What is the property of fluid that determines flow when flow is laminar? Turbulent?

A

Laminar - viscosity

Turbulent - density

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15
Q

Flow becomes turbulent if…

A 
Velocity of flow is high
Tube wall is rough
There are kinks, bends, narrowing, branches 
Fluid flows through an orifice 
Angle > 25 deg
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16
Q

Reynolds #

A

velocity diameter density/
viscosity
>2000 = turbulent flow

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17
Q

Venturi Effect & Bernoulli’s Principle

A

When fluid flows through a constricted region
The velocity of flow increases
The lateral pressure decreases
Ex: nebulizer, jet ventilator, injector

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18
Q

Which law permits the calculation of dissolved O2 and dissolved CO2 in the blood?

A

Henry’s Law
Amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas phase
PaO2 x 0.003
PaCO2 x 0.067

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19
Q

Boyle’s Gas Law

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
Constant temp
P1V1 = P2V2
Ex: pressurized cylinder is opened slowly (so temp doesn’t change), Ambu bag, breathing, FRC measurement

20
Q

Charles’ Gas Law

A 
Volume is directly proportional to the absolute temp (K) 
Constant pressure 
V1/T1 = V2/T2 
K = 273 + C 
Ex: LMA expands in autoclave
21
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temp (K)
Volume is constant
P1/T1 = P2/T2
Ex: cylinder of gas is moved from the loading dock to OR

22
Q

Ideal/Universal Gas Law

A

PV = nRT
n= moles of gas
R = universal gas constant
Ex: as gas is released from a cylinder of compressed gas, pressure inside the cylinder decreases

23
Q

van der Waal’s Relationship

A

Deviation from the ideal state
Gas molecules have finite volumes
Gas molecules attract one another

24
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

In the atmosphere at sea level, the partial pressures are…

A

O2 160 mmHg (21%)
N2 600 mmHg (79%)
Total 760 mmHg (100%)

25
Q

Avogadro’s #

A

Describes the relationship b/t the amount of gas and volume of gas
1 mole = 6.022 x 10 23 molecules
1 mole of gas = 22.4 L

26
Q

Critical Temp

A

A gas cannot be liquified if the temp is above the critical temp
Critical temp of O2 = -110 deg C - O2 cannot be liquified at room temp no matter how much pressure is applied

27
Q

Adiabatic

A

Constant heat process
Cylinder of compressed gas is opened into a closed space - the pressure and temp will rise rapidly - flame/explosion
Change occurs so quickly, heat cannot be dissipated

28
Q

Joule-Thompson Effect

A

Compressed gas is allowed to escape freely into space the process is adiabatic and cooling occurs
Ex: cryoprobe

29
Q

N2O Cylinders

A 
As gas escapes 
Liquid N2O vaporizes 
Heat is lost (latent heat of vaporization)
Temp falls (Joule-Thompson) 
Pressure decreases

When cylinder is turned off, the pressure will be restored as the cylinder regains heat

Always reads 745 psi
Pressure gauge does NOT correlate with volume until all liquid is consumed
When the gauge starts to fall, only 25% remaining (about 400 L). Change tank!

30
Q

Cylinder Calculations

A

N2O - 1590 L, 745 psi (3-5)
O2 - 660 L, 2200 psi (2-5)
Air - 625 L, 2200 psi (1-5)

31
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

(P1 – P2) X area of membrane x solubility
(membrane thickness) (square root of MW)

Explains: concentration effect, second gas effect, diffusion hypoxia, why N20 expands spaces

Fick’s Principle: calculation of CO from A-V O2 or A-V CO2 difference

32
Q

Graham’s Law

A

1/square root of MW
Explains why smaller substances diffuse in greater quantities

Exception:
CO2 is larger than O2 BUT CO2 diffuses 20x faster
CO2 is 20x more soluble in fluid than O2

33
Q

What are the 3 main factors determining diffusion rate across membranes for non-gases?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Lipid solubility
  3. Size
34
Q

What law is the basis for pulse oximetry?

A

Beer’s Law

35
Q

Routes of Heat Loss

A

Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Evaporation

36
Q

Does relative humidity increase or decrease as temp falls?

A

Increases

37
Q

What is the partial pressure of saturated water vapor at 37 C?

A

47 mmHg

38
Q

Soda Lime

A 
94% Ca(OH)2
5% NaOH
1% KOH
Silica - increase hardness and reduce dust 
4-8 mesh size - compromise b/t absorptive capacity and resistance 
Hydration 14-22% 
Exothermic 
Neutralization rxn
39
Q

Baralyme

A

80% Ca(OH)2
20% Ba(OH)2
No silica

40
Q

Amsorb

A

5% CaCl2
80 % Ca(OH)2
13-18% H2O

41
Q

Facts about CO2 absorber.

A

Air space in CO2 absorber should be 2-3x tidal volume
Canister = 50% airspace + 50% absorbent
1000 g canister can absorb 200 L of CO2
Each 100 g granules absorbs as much as 15 L of CO2
Average production of CO2 by an anesthetized adult = 12-18 L/hr
Each canister of absorbent can last 8-10 hours

42
Q

Ohm’s Law permits the calculation of what?

A

SVR

43
Q

Density

A

Mass/Volume

44
Q

Solubility increase or decrease with changes in temp…solid? gas?

A

Solid - solubility increases with increasing temp
Gas - solubility decreases with increasing temp
*Le Chatelier’s principle

45
Q

Is electrical equipment in the OR grounded or isolated?

A

Isolated

The BIG Test (21 decks)

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