Physics and Math Flashcards
When rounding decimals for multiplication and division , what direction do you round?
multiplication: numbers in opposite directions
division: both numbers in the same direction
What are the rules for significant figures?
1) Count all numbers between the first nonzero digit on the left and the last nonzero digit on the right
2) Any zeroes to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
3) If there are zeroes to the right of the last nonzero digit and there is a decimal point in the number, then those zeroes are significant. If there is no decimal point then they are not significant (3,490: 3, 3,490.0: 5)
4) For measurements, the last digit is an estimation and is not significant
Exponent rule: what is any number to the zeroth power?
X^0 = 1
Exponent rule: multiplication (same base number)
X^A x X^B = X^(A+B)
Exponent rule: division (same base number)
X^A / X^B = X^(A-B)
Exponent rule: raised to two powers
(X^A)^B = X^(AxB)
conversion on log to ln
logx = lnx/2.303
What is the kinetic energy equation?
K = 1/2mv^2 m = mass in kilograms v = speed in meters per second
What is the gravitational potential energy equation?
U = mgh U = potential energy m = mass in kilograms g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2) h = the height of the object
What is the elastic potential energy equation?
U = 1/2kx^2 U = potential energy k = the spring constant x = the magnitude of displacement from equilibrium
What is total mechanical energy and its equation?
total mechanical energy is the sum of an object’s potential and kinetic energies
E = U + K U = potential energy K = kinetic energy
What is the equation for work?
W = F x d = Fdcos(theta) W = work F = the magnitude of the applied force d = the magnitude of the displacement through which the force is applied theta = the angle between the applied force vector and the displacement vector
How do you calculate work for processes in which pressure remains constant?
W = P x deltaV
What is the equation for power?
P = W/t = deltaE/t P = power W = work (which is equal to deltaE, the change in energy) t = the time over which work is done
What is the work-energy theorem equation?
Wnet = deltaK = Kf - Ki
What is mechanical advantage and its equation?
mechanical advantage is the ratio of magnitudes of the force exerted on an object by a simple machine (Fout) to the force actually applied on the simple machine (Fin)
mechanical advantage = Fout/Fin
What is the equation for efficiency?
efficiency = Wout/Win = (load)(load distance)/(effort)(effort distance)
What is the equation for Fahrenheit to Celsius?
F = 9/5C + 32
What is the equation for Kelvin to Celsius?
K = C + 273
What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?
when two objects are both in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. By extension, no heat flows between two objects in thermal equilibrium
How do the initial length of an object and the amount it expands for a given temperature change relate to one another?
Expansion is a result of an increase in dimension at all points along an object. If an object is initially longer, it will experience a greater expansion. This is also represented in the formula for thermal expansion because there is a direct relationship between length change and the initial length of the object.
Can a closed system transfer matter? Energy?
it cannot transfer matter but it can transfer energy
Can an isolated system transfer matter? Energy?
it cannot transfer matter nor energy
Can an open system transfer matter? Energy?
it can transfer both matter and energy
What is the difference between a state function and a process function?
State functions are variables independent from the path taken to achieve a particular equilibrium and are properties of a given system at equilibrium; they may be dependent on one another. Process functions define the path (or how the system got to its state) through variables such as heat or work.
State functions: pressure (P), density (p), temperature (T), volume (V), enthalpy (H), internal energy (U), Gibbs free energy (G), and entropy (S)
Process functions: heat (Q), and work (W)
Describe the relationship between internal energy, work, and heat
The change in internal energy of a system is equal to heat put into a system minus the work done by the system (first law of thermodynamics)
Define the form of heat transfer: conduction
heat exchange by direct molecular interactions
Define the form of heat transfer: convection
heat exchange by fluid movement
Define the form of heat transfer: radiation
heat exchange by electromagnetic waves (does not depend on matter)
How is work calculated in P-V diagrams?
work is the area under the curve (or within a closed loop)
Describe entropy on a macroscopic level and in statistical terms
On a macroscopic level, entropy can be thought of as the tendency toward disorder. Statistically, entropy is the measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature, increasing the number of available micro states for a given molecule.
What is the relationship between the entropy of a system and its surroundings for any thermodynamic process?
the entropy of a system and its surrounding will never decrease; it will always either remain zero or increase
How does gauge pressure relate to the pressure exerted by a column of fluid?
Gauge pressure is equal to the pressure exerted by a column of fluid plus the ambient pressure above the fluid, minus atmospheric pressure. When atmospheric pressure is the only pressure above the fluid column, then gauge pressure equals the fluid pressure
What is the relationship between weight and density?
Weight is density times volume and acceleration due to gravity
What is the SI unit for pressure? What are other common units for pressure?
The SI unit for pressure is the pascal. Other common units include mmHg, torr, and atm
True or false: density is a scalar quantity
true, density is directionless, and is thus a scalar quantity
Contrast cohesion and adhesion.
Cohesion is the attractive force experienced by molecules of a fluid for one another. Adhesion is the attractive force experienced by molecules of a fluid for a different material (usually a solid)
What would the meniscus of a liquid that experiences equal cohesive and adhesive forces look like?
If adhesive and cohesive forces are equal, then no meniscus would form and the liquid surface would be flat
A block is fully submerged three inches below the surface of a fluid, but is not experiencing any acceleration. What can be said about the displaced volume of fluid and the buoyant force?
The displaced volume is equal to the volume of the block. The buoyant force is equal tot he weight of the block, and is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. By extension, the block and the fluid in which it is immersed must have the same density
True or false: to determine the volume of an object by fluid displacement it must have a specific gravity greater than 1
False. A fluid with a low specific gravity can be used instead of water to determine volumes of objects that would otherwise float in water
To which side of a hydraulic lift would the operator usually apply a force - the side with the larger cross-sectional area, or the side with the smaller cross-sectional area? Why?
The operator usually applies a force to the side with the smaller cross-sectional area. Because pressure is the same on both sides of the lift, a smaller force can be applied on the smaller surface area to generate the desired pressure
Define dynamic pressure
the pressure associated with flow, and is represented by 1/2pv^2
Define static pressure
the pressure associated with position; static pressure is sacrificed for dynamic pressure during flow
Define pitot tube
a pitot tube is a device that measures static pressure during flow to calculate speed
Define viscosity
a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow
Define laminar flow
flow in which there are no eddies and in which streamlines roughly parallel to each other
Define turbulence
the presence of back flow or current eddies
How do the following concepts relate to one another: Venturi effect, Bernoulli’s equation, and continuity equation? What relationship does each describe?
The continuity equation describes the relationship of flow and cross-sectional area in a tube, while Bernoulli’s equation describes the relationship between height, pressure, and flow. The Venturi effect is the direct relationship between cross-sectional area and pressure, and results from the combined relationships of the Bernoulli and continuity equations.
What effect would increasing each of the following have on flow rate: the radius of the tube, pressure gradient, viscosity, and length of the tube?
Flow rate would increase when increasing either the radius of the tube or the pressure gradient, but would decrease with increasing viscosity or length of the tube
Under what conditions could the continuity equation be applied to human circulation?
The continuity equation cannot be applied to human circulation. The presence of pulses, the elasticity of the vessels, and the nature of the pressure gradient preclude this type of analysis. Poiseuille’s law should instead be used for isolated segments
During exhalation, how does the total resistance of the encountered airways change as air leaves the alveoli to escape the nose and mouth?
Total resistance increases as the air exits the body despite the increase in the diameter of the airways. This is because there are fewer airways in parallel with each other
How does flow in the venae cavae relate to flow in the main pulmonary artery?
In theory, there should be equal flow in the venae cavae and the main pulmonary trunk. In reality, the flow in the venae cavae is actually slightly less than in the pulmonary trunk because some of the blood entering the right side of the heart is actually from cardiac (coronary) circulation, not systemic circulation.
When placed one meter apart from each other, which will experience a greater acceleration: one coulomb of electrons or one coulomb of protons?
The electrons will experience the greater acceleration because they are subject to the same force as the protons but have a significantly smaller mass
Categorize the following materials as either conductors or insulators: blood, hair, copper, glass, iron, sulfuric acid, and distilled water
Conductors: blood, copper, iron, sulfuric acid
Insulators: hair, glass, distilled water
What is the net charge of an object with one coulomb of electrons and 3 moles of neutrons?
The net charge will be -1 C; neutrons do not contribute charge
What is the electric field midway between two negative charges in isolation?
The electric field would be 0 because the two charges are the same. In this case, the fields exerted by each charge at the midpoint will cancel out and there will be no electric field