Bio/Biochem (new) Flashcards
Which amino acids are basic? Which are acidic?
Only basic amino acids have the potential to become positively charged; in contrast, acidic amino acids have the ability to become negatively charged
Do erythrocytes have membrane bound organelles?
During development in the bone marrow, erythrocytes lose their membrane-bound organelles, including their mitochondria and nucleus. As such, they only engage in anaerobic metabolism and have a limited lifespan of only about 100 days. Their lack of internal organelles contributes to their characteristic biconcave shape, which helps them travel more efficiently through capillaries and maximizes their surface area, which assists in gas exchange.
What are the single letter abbreviations of the amino acids?
In eukaryotes, the residues most prone to phosphorylation are serine (S), tyrosine (Y), and threonine (T).
What is the difference between a kinase and a phosphatase?
Kinases add a phosphate group to its substrate, phosphatases dephosphorylate its substrate
What effects does aldosterone have on reabsorption?
Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure. Its primary function is to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Aldosterone upregulates the sodium-potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron, pumping three sodium ions OUT of the nephron lining (and toward the blood) for every two potassium ions it pumps IN (toward the nephron and away from the blood). Since we have a net solute movement out of the nephron, aldosterone also increases the gradient that favors water reabsorption.
What is the most effective lab technique to sterilize something?
The most effective technique for sterilizing used laboratory materials is using an autoclave and should be the standard procedure followed here. An autoclave brings the materials to a temperature over 120ºC and a pressure over 2 atm, which is enough to kill almost anything.
What part of the chromosome is affected by single cross over events? Double cross over events?
A double-crossover event is one in which chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes cross over in two different places along the arm. This results in a section in the middle of each chromosome being exchanged
What effects does insuling have in energy storage?
Insulin is secreted in response to high blood sugar. If the body detects that there’s plenty of blood sugar, then it would want to stop making more sugar, to store that sugar as glycogen, and to build up fatty acids into fats for storing up energy. The thing the body is LEAST likely to do is to stop storing up energy. In general, think of the function of insulin as causing the body to build up large molecules to store up energy (glycogen, lipids) and to stop the body from breaking down large molecules to provide energy.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
If p and q are the only two alleles of a gene present in the population, then p + q = 1. Squaring the equation yields: (p + q)2 = 12 → p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. This second equation allows us to connect genotypes and phenotypes, because the p2 and q2 terms correspond to individuals homozygous for p and q, respectively, while the 2pq term gives the frequency of heterozygotes.
What stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins known as ß-sheets?
ß-sheets are stabalized by hydrogen bonds to adjacent ß-strands
What type of bonds are peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins?
We should know for test day that proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. These amino acids are connected by peptide bonds which form when the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid reacts with the amine group of another amino acid. This reaction forms an amide bond and leads to the loss of a water molecule
