General Chemistry Flashcards
What does paramagnetic mean?
the atom has unpaired electrons
What does diamagnetic mean?
the atom has only paired electrons
Where do the electrons get removed from when forming a cation?
the subshell with the highest n value
What is the maximum number of electrons allowed in a single atomic energy level in terms of the principal quantum number n?
2n^2
What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill a subshell?
4l + 2 (l=quantum number l)
What does mass number (superscript) refer too?
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom/isotope
What are representative elements?
What are nonrepresentative elements?
representative: elements with their valence electrons in either orbitals s or p
nonrepresentative: transition elements, elements with their valence electrons in orbitals s and d or s and f
How do anions and cations affect ionic radius?
the ionic radii of anions are larger
the ionic radii of cations are smaller
What three elements are the exceptions to the electronegativity trend and have negligible electronegativity?
The first three noble gases: He, Ne, Ar
Which is larger, first or second ionization energy?
second ionization energy is always larger than first ionization energy because removing an additional electron requires one to overcome a significantly larger electrostatic force
What property explains why metals are used for making wires that conduct electricity?
metals have valence electrons that can move freely
What type of ions do alkali earth metals form?
divalent cations (+2)
What is the order of increasing energy for subshells?
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What periodic trend determines whether a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar?
The polarity in a covalent bond is determined by differences in electronegativity between the two atoms involved.
nonpolar: the electron pair is shared equally
polar: the electron pair is shared unequally
What is the equation for formal charge?
formal charge = #valence electrons - #dots - #lines
What is bond strength?
bond strength is defined by the electrostatic attraction between nuclei and electrons; multiple bonds (higher bond order) increases strength
What is bond length?
bond length is a consequence of bond strength. The stronger the bond, the shorter it is
What is bond energy?
bond energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to break a bond. The stronger the bond, the higher the bond energy.
For what values of ∆EN will a nonpolar covalent bond form?
0 to 0.5
For what values of ∆EN will a polar covalent bond form?
0.5 to 1.7
For what values of ∆EN will an ionic bond form?
1.7 or higher
What number of regions of electron densities apply to which geometric shapes?
2: linear
3: trigonal planar
4: tetrahedral
5: trigonal bipyramidal
6: octahedral
What is a coordinate covalent bond?
a two electron covalent bond where both electrons come from the same atom
What is the equation for gram equivalent weight?
gram equivalent weight = molar mass/n
n = the number of particles of interest produced or consumed per molecule of the compound in the reaction
What is the equation to determine how many equivalents in a compound are present?
equivalents = mass of compound (g)/gram equivalent weight (g)
What is the equation for normality?
N = M x equivalents/mole M = molarity
What is the difference between empirical and molecular formulas?
empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements in the compound (CH).
molecular formula gives the exact number of atoms of each element in the compound and is a multiple of the empirical formula (C6H6).
How do you calculate percent composition?
percent composition = mass of element in formula/molar mass x 100%
How to recognize a combination reaction?
A + B –> C
How to recognize a decomposition reaction?
A –> B + C
How to recognize a combustion reaction?
it will always produce carbon dioxide and water, and usually involves O2 and a hydrocarbon in its reactants
What is a neutralization reaction?
neutralization reactions are a specific type of double-displacement reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt, and usually water.
What is the percent yield equation?
percent yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%
theoretical yield = the amount of product predicted
ammonium
NH4+ (+1)
acetate
C2H3O2- (-1)
cyanide
CN- (-1)
permanganate
MnO4- (-1)
thiocyanate
SCN- (-1)
chromate
CrO4 (-2)
dichromate
Cr2O7 (-2)
borate
BO3 (-3)
What is the rate determining step?
the slowest step in the mechanism
What is Arrhenius equation (collision theory)?
k = Ae^-Ea/RT k = rate constant A = frequency factor Ea = activation energy R = ideal gas constant T = temperature in kelvins
What does +ΔG mean?
endergonic = energy absorbed
What does -ΔG mean?
exergonic = energy given off
What effect does lowering the temperature have on the rate of a reaction?
it decreases the rate
What effect does adding a catalyst have on the rate of a reaction?
it increases the rate
What effect does doubling the concentrations of all the reactants have on the rate of a reaction?
zero-order: rate unaffected
first-order: rate doubled
second-order: rate multiplied by 4
What does it mean if Q < Keq?
ΔG < 0, reaction proceeds in the forward direction