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Breast Board > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound systems used for breast imaging require what types of resolution?

A

Spatial and Contrast

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2
Q

What type of probe has side-by-side piezoelectric crystals, sequencing and electronic phasing, and wide acoustic window?

A

Linear Array

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3
Q

Wide acoustic window in the near field allows better demonstration of what?

A

Superficial structures without beam divergence

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4
Q

What type of resolution does a higher frequency improve?

A

Axial

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5
Q

What is axial resolution?

A

Ability to differentiate two closely spaced echo interfaces lying in the direction of the sound beam.

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6
Q

How do bandwidth and pulse length pertain to each other?

A

Inversely proportional

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7
Q

Broader bandwidths improves?

A

Spatial and contrast resolution

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8
Q

Focusing affects the sound beam how?

A

thickness and width

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9
Q

A narrower beam improves what?

A

Resolution and intensifies sound energy at the focus.

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10
Q

Lateral resolution is best where?

A

At the focus

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11
Q

The ability to resolve two closely spaced interfaces lying side-by-side perpendicular to the sound beam?

A

Lateral resolution

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12
Q

Focusing that occurs along the long axis of the linear array transducer?

A

Variable electronic focusing

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13
Q

A shallow elevation focus of a high frequency, linear array transducer improves?

A

Near field detail and reduces slice thickness

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14
Q

Resolution refers to what?

A

The size of the smallest object depicted on the ultrasound image given adequate contrast.

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15
Q

Spatial resolution is measured in three planes:

A

Axial, lateral, and elevation

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16
Q

Spatial resolution is primarily effected by:

A

Frequency, focusing, and scan lines

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17
Q

Axial resolution improves with what?

A

Higher frequencies, shorter pulse lengths, and broader bandwidth transducers

18
Q

Ability of ultrasound system to distinguish anatomic structures based on variations in echo brightness?

A

Contrast resolution

19
Q

What type of resolution helps detect a subtle, isoechoic lesion in a fatty breast?

A

Contrast resolution

20
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

Ability to distinguish moving objects or dynamics over time. (Not typically effected with breast imaging due to depth)

21
Q

Temporal resolution is limited by what?

A

Frame rate

22
Q

What setting affects the amplitude of the transmit voltage and therefore, the intensity of the transmitted sound beam?

A

Output power

23
Q

What does not affect the intensity of the sound beam transmitted?

A

Overall gain

24
Q

The ratio of the smallest to the largest signal strength the system can handle without distortion?

A

Dynamic range

25
Q

What allows a narrow transmit beam over a greater depth?

A

Multiple focal zones

26
Q

Dynamic range effects what resolution?

A

Contrast resolution

27
Q

Number of images displayed per second and affects temporal resolution?

A

Frame rate

28
Q

How do you alter frame rate?

A

Focal zone, depth, frame size, compound imaging, or Doppler

29
Q

Multiple transmit foci ____ frame rate. Reduced depth and image size ____ frame rate.

A

decreases, increases

30
Q

Ultrasound pulses causes the microbubbles to vibrate causing emission of harmonic frequencies for what?

A

Doppler contrast agents

31
Q

Represents a change in the direction of the sound beam as it passes from one medium to another?

A

Refraction

32
Q

Occurs at curved edges and with oblique incidence to Coopers ligaments?

A

Refraction edge shadowing

33
Q

If the speed of sound is slower than soft tissue, post echoes are registered _____ than in reality.

A

deeper (propagation speed error)

34
Q

If the speed of sound is faster than in soft tissue, reflectors will be placed ____ to the transducer than in reality.

A

closer (propagation speed error)

35
Q

Color or power Doppler motion artifact produced from tissue vibration from chest when patient hums?

A

fremitus

36
Q

How is fremitus useful?

A

Differentiating a true mass from normal tissue. Normal tissue with transmit Doppler artifact.

37
Q

What scan plane is best suited for evaluation of major lactiferous ducts?

A

radial

38
Q

What thickness should a stand-of pad not exceed for transducers with an elevation focus of <1.5cm?

A

1cm

39
Q

What does 123 stand for in the 123-ABC annotation method?

A

Distance of mass from the nipple
1= near nipple/areolar
2= mid distance from the nipple
3= periphery of breast

40
Q

What does ABC stand for in the 123-ABC annotation method?

A

Depth of lesion in breast
A= near skin
B= mammary zone
C= near chest wall

Breast Board (9 decks)

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