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Breast Board > Breast Anatomy and Development > Flashcards

Breast Anatomy and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development of mammary glands begins in what week of embryonic life?

A

4th week

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2
Q

Milklines extend from what regions?

A

Axilla to inguinal

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3
Q

With each menstrual cycle the breast undergoes what changes?

A

proliferative and involutional changes

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4
Q

Ages 6-8 the glandular tissue of one breast may start to develop.
Tender discoid lump beneath areola.
Resolved by age 9 or puberty.

A

Unilateral early ripening (premature thelarche)

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5
Q

Causes of precocious puberty?

A

Estrogen secreting ovarian or adrenal tummor.

Changes within hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

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6
Q

Presence of accessory (supernumerary) nipples?

A

Polythelia

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7
Q

What is the most common breast anomaly that can affect male or female? Can develop anywhere along the milkiness.

A

Polythelia

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8
Q

Accessory breast, more common without nipple/areola and often forms in the axillary region is called what?

A

Polymastia

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9
Q

Term for absence of nipple?

A

Athelia

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10
Q

Term for absence of breast and nipple?

A

Amastia

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11
Q

Absence of breast tissue secondary to excessive radiation exposure or from surgical excision?

A

Amazia

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12
Q

Breasts are modified ____?

A

apocrine sweat glands

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13
Q

Breasts overlie which ribs?

A

2nd to 6th

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14
Q

The nipple is a what?

A

Fibromuscular papilla

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15
Q

Small ___ ducts exit the surface of the nipple and drain the ____ ducts.

A

excretory, lactiferous

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16
Q

What is the areola?

A

pigmented skin that encircles the nipple.

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17
Q

The areola contains numerous sebaceous glands (Montgomery’s glands) that do what?

A

Release fatty substance that protects the nipple during lactation.

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18
Q

Functional glandular tissue is composed of how many lobes?

A

15 to 20

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19
Q

What is the TDLU structure?

A

Acini > small branching ducts (lobule) > main lactiferous duct (segment duct) > lactiferous sinus (ampulla) > nipple

20
Q

What is the functional unit of the breast?

A

Terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)

21
Q

Supportive elements of the breast and consist of fat and fibrous connective tissues are what?

A

stromal tissue

22
Q

This extensive capillary network allows the exchange of hormones into and secretions out of the lobule.

A

Loose intralobular stroma

23
Q

Breast is also supported by dense connective tissue sexton called what?

A

Coopers ligaments

24
Q

What is the main arterial supply of the breast?

A

Branches from lateral thoracic artery (external mammary artery) and branches of internal mammary (thoracic) artery.

25
Q

What veins can provide a pathway for bone metastasis?

A

Intercostal veins that anastomose with vertebral veins.

26
Q

Branches of what nerve primarily innervates the breast?

A

intercostal (thoracic) nerves

27
Q

Branches of the supraclavicular nerve innervate what aspect of the breast?

A

Superior and lateral

28
Q

Originate in the interlobular connective tissue and the walls of the lactiferous ducts?

A

lymphatic channels

29
Q

What part of the lymphatic channels drain the breast?

A

superficial channels

30
Q

What percent of lymph drains into the axillary chain?

A

> 75%

31
Q

How many nodes are in the axillary chain?

A

30 to 40

32
Q

The axillary nodes are further subdivided into anatomic groups and correspond to the nearest major vessel. these groups are:

A 
External mammary
subscapular
axillary (lateral to ax artery)
central (medial to ax artery)
subclavicular
intrasectoral (Rotters)
33
Q

Nodes lateral to pectoralis minor muscle are what location for surgical classification?

A

level I, low axilla

34
Q

Nodes deep to pectorals minor muscle or between med and lat boarders, including Rotters nodes, are what location for surgical classification?

A

Level II, mid axilla

35
Q

Nodes medial to pectoralis minor and subclavicular nodes are what location for surgical classification?

A

Level III, high axilla

36
Q

Breast tissue responds to hormones produces by?

A

Ovaries, hypothalamus and pituitary gland, placenta, thyroid, and pancreas

37
Q

Hormone responsible for ductal proliferation?

A

Estrogen

38
Q

Hormone responsible for lobular proliferation and growth?

A

Progestrone

39
Q

Hormone present during late pregnancy and lactation?

A

Prolactin

40
Q

What organ produces estrogen to stimulate growth and division of ducts?

A

Ovary

41
Q

What organ produces progesterone to stimulate an increase in size and number of lobules and maturation of acini?

A

Ovary and placenta

42
Q

What hormone and gland prevents release of prolactin until milk production is needed?

A

Hypothalamus

Prolactin Inhibiting factor

43
Q

What gland releases prolactin to stimulate acini to produce milk?

A

Anterior pituitary

44
Q

What hormone and gland initiates contraction of ducts for flow of milk during lactation?

A

Oxytocin

Posterior pituitary

45
Q

Placental lactogen and HCG are produced by what?

A

placenta

Breast Board (9 decks)

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