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Anaesthetics > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Accuracy

A

The ability of a measurement device to match the actual value of the quantity being measured

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2
Q

Precision

A

The reproducibility of repeated measurements and a measure of their likely spread

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3
Q

Drift

A

A fixed deviation from the true value at all points in the measured range. Can be corrected by zeroing (improving accuracy)

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4
Q

Hysteresis

A

The phenomenon by which a measurement varies from the input value by different degrees on whether the input variable is increasing of decreasing in magnitude at that moment in time

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5
Q

Base SI Units

A

SMMACKK

Second (time)
Meter (distance)
Mole (amount)
Ampere (current)
Candela (luminous intensity)
Kilogram (mass)
Kelvin (temperature)
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6
Q

Second

A

S
Time
The duration of a given number of oscillations of the caesium-133 atom

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7
Q

Meter

A

M
Distance
The length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a certain fraction of a second (1/299792458)

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8
Q

Mole

A

Mol
Amount
The amount of a substance which contains as many elementary particles as there are atoms in 12g of carbon-12 (6.022 x 10^23)

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9
Q

Ampere

A

A
Current
The current that produces a force of 2x10^-7 newtons per meter between 2 parallel wires of infinite length, 1m apart in a vacuum
1 ampere = equivalent charge to 6.24x10^18 electrons (1 coloumb) per second

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10
Q

Candela

A

CD
Luminous intensity
1cd is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540x10^12 Hz and has radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian

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11
Q

Kilogram

A

Kg
Mass
The mass of the international prototype of the kilogram held in Sevres, France
Only base SI unit with a SI prefix

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12
Q

Kelvin

A

K
Temperature
1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water

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13
Q

1 atmosphere

A 
101.3 kPa
1 bar
14.69psi
1020 cm H2O
30 inches of Hg
760mmHg
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14
Q

Absolute humidity

A

kg/m^-3

The mass of water vapour present in a particle sample of air at a given temperature

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15
Q

Relative humidity

A

The mass of water in a given volume of air, expressed as a % of the maximum mass of water that the air could hold at the given temperature
= the ratio of the water vapour pressure to the SVP

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16
Q

Boiling Point

A

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding ambient pressure and the liquid changes to a vapour

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17
Q

Calorie

A 
The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1g of H20 by 1 K
1 calorie (little c) = 4.16 joule
Kcalorie = 1 large calorie (capital C) or 1000c or 4.16kJ
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18
Q

Coloumb

A 
C
Unit of charge
1 C = the amount of charge passing a given point per second, when 1 ampere of current is flowing
1 C = 1 A x 1 sec
1C = charge of 6.24 x 10^18
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19
Q

Critical temperature

A

The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone

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20
Q

Freezing point

A

The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of specified composition are in equilibrium at a given pressure

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21
Q

Force

A

Newton
That which changes a body’s state of rest of motion
1N = the force required to accelerate a 1kg mass at a rate of 1m per second squared
Force is a vector - has both magnitude and direction
Force = mass X acceleration

22
Q

Heat Capacity

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 degree
SI unit of heat capacity = joule per kelvin

23
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Heat capacity X mass of body

24
Q

Hertz

A

Hz
Derived SI unit of frequency
1 Hz = 1 cycle per second

25
Q

Joule

A

Derived SI unit of energy
1J = the work done to an object when applying of a force of 1 newton through a distance of 1m
1 J = 1 N x 1 m

26
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy a body possesses because of it motion

The energy required to accelerate the object from a state of rest to its given velocity

27
Q

Latent heat

A

The energy release or absorbed by a substance when it changes phase at a given temperature
‘latent’ because ‘hidden’ change in energy as there is no actual change in temperature during the phase shift

28
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

Amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a solid at its melting point into a liquid without an increase in temperature

29
Q

Latent heat of vaporisation

A

The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid at its boiling point into a vapour without an increase in temperature

30
Q

Mass

A

SI unit = kg
amount of matter contained in a body
Doesn’t change with differing gravity

31
Q

Momentum

A

Mass X Velocity

32
Q

Newton

A

Derived unit of force

1N = force required to accelerate a mass of 1kg by 1m/s/s

33
Q

Ohm

A

Derived unit of electrical resistance
1 ohm is the resistance between 2 points of a conductor when constant potential difference of 1 volt applied between them produces a current of 1 ampere

34
Q

Pascal

A

Pa

Force of 1N acting over 1m squared

35
Q

pH

A

Negative logarithm to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
pH = -log10[H+]

36
Q

Electrocution

A 
1-5mA = tingling sensation
5-10mA = pain
15mA = 'can't let go' threshold
50mA = respiratory arrest
100mA = VF
37
Q

Class 1 electrical equipment

A

Accessible conductive parts (e.g. the case) are connected to earth by an earth wire which maintains the exposed metalwork at zero potential and provides a low resistance path for current to return to the local electricity substation in the event of a fault

38
Q

Class 2 electrical equipment

A

Class II equipment is protected by double or reinforced insulation. There is minimal chance any person could come into contact with a faulty live component therefore an earth wire is not required.

39
Q

Class 3 electrical equipment

A

Powered internally by a battery or SELV (safety extra low voltage)
SELV = Voltage not greater than 25 V AC
or 60 V DC; No earth connection (usually floating circuit); Low risk of accidental contact with higher voltage

40
Q

Microshock

A

Microshock may occur when the skin is breached if unwanted or aberrant currents are delivered directly to the myocardium. In this case, by generating higher current densities near the myocardium currents as low as just 100 μA can cause dangerous dysrhythmias.
Unlikely to occur

41
Q

Type B Electrical Equipment

A 
Logo = man
Can be class 1, 2 or 3
Not suitable for direct connection to patient
Max leakage current:
- Type 1 =
42
Q

Type BF Electrical Equipment

A 
Logo = man in box
Can be class 1, 2 or 3
Floating circuit so suitable for direct connection to patient
Max leakage current: (same as type B)
- Type 1 =
43
Q

Type CF Electrical Equipment

A 
Logo = heart in box
Can be class 1, 2 or 3
High degree of protection of shock so suitable for direct cardiac connection
Max leakage current:
- NC =
44
Q

Diathermy

A

High Frequency AC
H (heating effect) = current squared x area
Current density = current flowing per unit area
Heating effect proportional to current density
High frequency currents used to reduce dysrhythmias
Monopolar = 100-200W
Bipolar = 100W)
Coagulation = interrupted current, lower freq (250-400KHz), high voltage (up to 9kV), lower power (

45
Q

SVP

A

Saturated Vapour Pressure
The pressure exerted by a vapour when in contact with and in equilibrium with its liquid phase within a closed system, at a set temperature.
Affected by temperature ONLY, not affected by pressure
Max SVP in open container at sea level is 1 atm

46
Q

Colligative properties

A

Properties of a solution that depend on the number of particles dissolved in a solvent (depend on osmolality)
Freezing point reduced (with increased solute)
SVP reduced (reduced surface area)
Boiling point increased
Osmotic pressure increased

47
Q

Scavenging pollutant levels

A 
N20 = 100ppm
Halothane = 10ppm
Isoflurane = 50ppm
Enflurane = 50ppm
Sevoflurane = 20ppm
Desflurane = no data
8 hour time weighted average
48
Q

Clarke polarographic electrode

A 
Oxygen measurement
Ag/AgCl anode
Platinum cathode
KCl solution
0.6V applied
49
Q

Galvanic fuel cell

A 
Oxygen measurement
Gold cathode
Lead anode
KOH solution
Generates own voltage
50
Q

Mass spectroscopy

A

Can measure all gases/volatiles

Can’t differentiate same MW

Anaesthetics (7 decks)

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