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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four rules of reflection for both plane and curved mirrors?

A
  1. From the top of the object, through C (normal), which will reflect back over itself
  2. From the top of the object, parallel to the normal, then through F
  3. From the top of the object, through F, then parallel to the normal
  4. <i></i>
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2
Q

Define Reflection

A

The change in direction of a light ray when it bounces off a surface

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3
Q

Define Medium

A

The substance through which light travels

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4
Q

Define Ray

A

A straight line with an arrowhead that shows the direction in which a light ray was travelling

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5
Q

Define Incident Ray

A

A beam of light coming from a light source traveling towards the normal

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6
Q

Define Angle of Incidence

A

Angle measurement from the incident ray to the normal

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7
Q

Define Normal

A

A hypothetical line perpendicular to a surface (drawn from wherever the incident ray hits the surface

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8
Q

Define Reflected Ray

A

Beam of light travelling away from the surface (the reflected incident ray)

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9
Q

Define Angle of Reflection

A

Angle measurement from normal to reflected ray

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10
Q

Define Virtual Image

A

An image formed by rays that appear to be coming from a certain position, but are not actually coming from that position; image does not form a visible projection in a screen (“behind” the medium)

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11
Q

Define Real Image

A

An image that is formed when reflected rays meet

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12
Q

What are the properties of Light

A

Light travels

  • in straight lines
  • very fast (300km/sec)
  • faster than sound
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13
Q

Why do we see things?

A

Objects reflect light into our eyes

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14
Q

In a rainbow, which colours have the longest and shortest wavelengths?

A

Red - longest wave length

Violet - shortest wave length

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15
Q

What is a concave mirror?

A

A reflecting surface curved inward

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16
Q

What is C?

A

The centre of curvature - the point in the circle where all normals will meet

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17
Q

What is the principal axis?

A

The horizontal normal that intersects with C

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18
Q

What is F?

A

The focal point - the point halfway between C and the mirror

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19
Q

Describe location and size - object is between F and the mirror

A

Upright and larger, virtual

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20
Q

Describe location and size - object is between C and F

A

Inverted and larger, real

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21
Q

Describe location and size - object is outside the center (past C)

A

Inverted and smaller, real

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22
Q

What is the first rule for concave mirrors?

A

Any line through C is a normal to the mirror (incident ray and reflected ray are the same)

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23
Q

What is the second rule for concave mirrors?

A

Any incident ray that is parallel to the principal axis will be reflected back through F

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24
Q

What is the third rule for concave mirrors?

A

Any incident ray that goes through F will be reflected back parallel to the principal axis

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25
Q

What four things have to be identified about a reflected image in diagrams?

A
  1. size (bigger or smaller)
  2. orientation (upright or inverted)
  3. distance from mirror (closer or farther away)
  4. real or virtual
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26
Q

What is a convex mirror?

A

A reflecting surface curving outwards

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27
Q

How do images in convex mirrors appear?

A

Upright and smaller than the object, ALWAYS VIRTUAL

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28
Q

How do convex mirrors reflect images?

A

Outwards

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29
Q

How do concave mirrors reflect images?

A

Inwards

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30
Q

Describe Refraction

A

The bending of light when the light passes from one medium to another

31
Q

When does light bend towards the normal?

A

When going from a less dense medium to a more dense medium

32
Q

When does light bend away from the normal?

A

When going from a more dense medium to a less dense medium

33
Q

What is the first law of refraction?

A

The incident ray, refracted ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane

34
Q

What is the second law of refraction?

A

Index of Refraction: ratio of speed of light in a vacuum to speed of light in a given medium
- passing from one medium to another, light bends and changes speed

35
Q

What is “n”?

A

Index of Refraction

36
Q

How does n correlate with density?

A

Directly - higher n = higher density

37
Q

What is “c”?

A

The speed of light in a vacuum

38
Q

What is the speed of light in a vacuum?

A

(3.00 x 10[8] m/s)

39
Q

What is “v”?

A

The speed of light in a medium

40
Q

What is the equation for n, c and v?

A

n = c/v

41
Q

How does the index of refraction correlate with speed of light?

A

Inversely - increase in refractive index (and density) = decrease in speed

42
Q

Is vacuum the least dense or most dense medium?

A

Least dense

43
Q

As a beam of light becomes closer to being parallel to the surface of water, does more or less reflection occur?

A

More reflection - if the incident was along the normal, 100% refraction

44
Q

Why do we see rainbows?

A

Because the speed of light changes when passing through raindrops

45
Q

What is dispersion?

A

The process of separating colours by refraction of light through a prism

46
Q

Why does a prism disperse white light into the spectrum of colours?

A

Each colour has its own wavelength and travels at a slightly different speed through the medium

47
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

The angle at which the angle of incidence of a light ray produces a refracted ray along the surface of the medium

48
Q

If an object is along the critical angle, do we see it?

A

No, the object is no longer visible

49
Q

When does total internal reflection occur?

A

When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, no refraction occurs

50
Q

Why does light form just a circle on the surface when looking from underwater?

A

The light from overhead has a small angle of incidence and refracts to be visible to you. Light rays with higher angle of incidence than those will mostly reflect and will not be as visible

51
Q

What is the appearance of a rainbow?

A

A multicoloured arc from red on the outer to violet on the inner

52
Q

What causes rainbows?

A

Light is refracted entering the surface of the raindrop, reflected off the back of the drop and refracted as it leaves the drop, mostly from 40° to 42°; the amount of refraction depends on the wavelength of the light, hence its colour

53
Q

What are the necessary conditions for a rainbow?

A

Water drops in the air and sunlight shining from behind at a low altitude angle

54
Q

What is a lens?

A

A transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract

55
Q

What are the characteristics of lenses?

A
  1. Transparent

2. Either diverging or converging

56
Q

What is a converging lens?

A

A lens that brings parallel light rays toward a common point as each ray refracts towards the normal when passing through the lens

57
Q

What is a diverging lens?

A

A lens that causes parallel rays to spread away from a common point as each ray refracts towards the normal when passing through the lens

58
Q

Where is the focal point for a converging lens?

A

the point on the principal axis through which the parallel rays converge

59
Q

How is the focal point found for a diverging lens?

A

by tracing the diverging rays back to the principal axis

60
Q

What is the diagram procedure for a converging lens?

A
  1. Draw a parallel ray from the top of the object to the centre of the lens, then it will refract/converge through F
  2. Draw a ray from the top of the object, through the center of the lens
  3. Draw a ray from the top of the object through the focal point on the object’s side to the centre of the lens, then it will refract parallel
61
Q

What is the diagram procedure for a diverging lens?

A
  1. Draw a parallel ray from the top of the object to the centre of the lens, then it will refract/diverge as though it’s ray was passing through real F
  2. Draw a ray from the top of the object, through the center of the lens
  3. Draw a ray from the top of the object towards the focal point on the opposite side until the centre of the lens, then it will refract parallel
62
Q

Describe the image with a converging lens - object is between F and the mirror

A
  1. farther from the lens
  2. upright
  3. larger
  4. virtual
63
Q

Describe the image with a converging lens - object is between F and C

A
  1. farther from the lens
  2. inverted
  3. larger
  4. real
64
Q

Describe the image with a converging lens - object is past C

A
  1. closer to lens
  2. inverted
  3. smaller
  4. real
65
Q

Describe the image with a diverging lens

A

ALWAYS

  1. closer to the lens
  2. upright
  3. smaller
  4. real
66
Q

What is chromatic aberration?

A

The fact that, with thick lenses, only rays near the principal axis will meet at the focal point

67
Q

What is the difference between Galileo, Kepler and Newton’s telescopes?

A

Galileo - converging and diverging lenses
Kepler - only converging
Newton - REFLECTING TELESCOPE; did not suffer from chromatic aberration

68
Q

Describe Galileo’s telescope

A

Converging lens as the objective lens, diverging lens as the eyepiece; low magnification but upright image

69
Q

Describe Kepler’s telescope

A

Converging lens for objective lens and eyepiece; increased magnification but created inverted image

70
Q

Describe Newton’s telescope

A

Light enters the telescope and travels to a concave mirror which reflects the light toward the focal point, then a plane mirror reflects towards the converging eyepiece

71
Q

Describe Myopia

A

Near-sightedness: the eye focuses the image before it reaches the retina; the eye is too long and can’t see distant objects

72
Q

Describe Hyperopia

A

Far-sightedness: the eye focuses the image behind/past the retina; the eye is too short and cannot focus on near objects

73
Q

How is myopia corrected?

A

A diverging lens is used to separate the rays and make them focus on the retina

74
Q

How is hyperopia corrected?

A

A converging lens refracts the rays to make them focus on the retina

Science (8 decks)

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