Biology Flashcards
What is the Cell Theory?
- All living things are made up of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
Describe the cell membrane and its functionality
Separates the inside of the cell from the external environment; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell
Describe the cytoplasm and its functionality
Jelly-like fluid filling the cell includes the cytosol, the organelles and other life-supporting materials, such as sugar and water, all contained by the cell membrane; gives the cell its shape, supports many necessary functions within the cell
Describe mitochondria and their functionality
(singular: mitochondrion) Powerhouse of the cell; where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities
Describe ribosomes and their functionality
Some float in the cytoplasm, some are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; help to produce proteins, which make up much of a cell’s structure and are required for activities necessary for the cell’s survival
Describe the endoplasmic reticulum and its functionality
A network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus
Describe vesicles and their functionality
Membrane-covered sacs that transport and/or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell
Describe golgi bodies and their functionality
Sort and package proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell
Describe the nucleus and its functionality
Controls all the cell activities; contains DNA/instructions for the cell, its functions and lifespan
Describe vacuoles and their functionality
Contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules; plant cells tend to have one large vacuole; animal cells may have several smaller vacuoles
Describe the cytoskeleton and its functionality
Filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell, helping it maintain its structure and providing “tracks” along which vesicles and organelles can move.
Describe the cell wall and its functionality
A tough, rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell’s membrane; provides support for the cell
Describe chloroplasts and their functionality
Trap energy from the sun to make glucose, which is broken down in the mitochondria to power cell activities (animals must get glucose from the food they eat)
Cell membrane - plant, animal or both?
both
Cytoplasm - plant, animal or both?
both
Mitochondria - plant, animal or both?
both
Ribosomes - plant, animal or both?
both
Endoplasmic Reticulum - plant, animal or both?
both
Vesicles - plant, animal or both?
both
Golgi Bodies - plant, animal or both?
both
Nucleus - plant, animal or both?
both
Vacuoles - plant, animal or both?
both
Cytoskeleton - plant, animal or both?
both
Cell wall - plant, animal or both?
only plant
Chloroplast - plant, animal or both?
only plant
What is the process of cellular respiration?
The process of obtaining energy to fuel all cell activities, occurring in the mitochondria.
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) —> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP/energy
What is the formula in words for cellular respiration?
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy
What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough have ribosomes, smooth don’t have ribosomes
Describe chromosomes and their functions
Each cell has a complete set, each species has a specific number of chromosomes (humans - 46 or 23 pairs). Come in pairs and contain master instructions.
What does the chromosome combo XY mean?
Male
What does the chromosome combo XX mean?
Female
What is a karyotype?
Number, appearance and arrangement of chromosomes in an organism
What does DNA mean?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is DNA?
Makes up chromosomes; DNA and its associated proteins are called chromatin. DNA is divided into segments called genes which code for proteins that have certain functions. only 3% of DNA are genes, remaining 97% is referred to as junk DNA. Made up of monomers (unit of counting) called nucleotides. DNA has a double helix structure.
What are the four nucleotides and what are they paired with?
Adenine pairs with Thymine (AT)
Cytosine pairs with Guanine (CG)