Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Biology unit 3 > Flashcards

Biology unit 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are stem cells?

A

the animal version of meristematic cells; more are produced to allow for growth of animal - sometimes allows for regrowth of limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

they are found in early development human embryos and can become any type of cell (ex. zygotes [fertilized egg] and early embryonic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

they are found in later embryonic development and are less versatile than totipotent stem cells: can become almost any cell (ex. late embryonic cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

found late in development or after birth and can only produce specific cells: multipotent - differentiate into a closely related family of cells; oligopotent - differentiate into a few cells; unipotent - produce only own type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What determines cell specialization?

A

genes get turned on or off which determines what specific cell type will be produced: genes are activated or deactivated by other cells and environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 3 main factors influence cell specialization?

A

contents of the cytoplasm, environmental conditions (temperature and nutrients) and neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do the contents of the cytoplasm affect cell specialization?

A

depends on what organelles it has and how many of each (partly cause of early cell specialization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do environmental conditions affect cell specialization?

A

Some cells are only produced in certain temperatures (can determine sex of turtle, crocodile and alligator eggs); the presence and absence of certain nutrients can turn a certain gene on or off, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do neighbouring cells affect cell specialization?

A

cells produce substances that diffuse out of the cell and affect nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do groups of neighbouring cells form?

A

tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What harmful environmental substances have affected human embryos?

A

chemical contaminants, heavy metals, pollution, parasites, diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do cells stop dividing and live as mature specialized cells?

A

when enough of their genes are turned off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

it lines the surfaces of the body (skin and lining of organs): it is made of cells with strong connections in their membrane to form a barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define skin epithelia

A

thin and flat epithelial cell that acts as a semi-permeable membrane between external and internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define columnar epithelia

A

columns of cells lining the small intestine, stomach and glans (not all glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

it changes shape by shortening or lengthening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define skeletal muscle

A

muscular tissue: cells line up in the same direction, striated appearance, they attach to bone and allow the body to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define smooth muscle

A

muscular tissue found in blood vessels and walls of internal organs; contracts slowly so an action can be sustained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define cardiac muscle

A

muscular tissue: contracts as a unit, found only in heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

nerve cells: made up of neurons with projections for receiving and transmitting signals to coordinate bodily activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

strengthens, supports, protects, binds or connects cells and tissues: found in blood ligament and bone

22
Q

Define bone tissue

A

connective tissue: cells surrounded by calcium hardened tissue through which blood vessels run: assists movement, support and protection

23
Q

Define fat tissue

A

connective: large tightly packed cells found under skin and around organs that store energy, provide padding and insulation

24
Q

Define blood tissue

A

connective: platelets and red and white blood cells; transports nutrients and oxygen, clots after injury, attacks foreign invaders

25
Q

What is the ethical problem with stem cells?

A

in order to get totipotent cells, you have to destroy the embryo - totipotent cells are invaluable to research and treatment purposes

26
Q

What is the organizational hierarchy of the body?

A

System - organs work together to perform a specific function; organs - tissues work together to perform a specific function; tissues - specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function

27
Q

What is the role of the digestive system?

A

to mechanically and chemically breakdown food in order to facilitate absorption of nutrients

28
Q

What does the mouth do in digestion?

A

glands release enzymes in saliva (amylose) (chemical); teeth (mechanical)

29
Q

What does the esophagus do in digestion?

A

a muscular tube that performs peristalsis (mechanical breakdown): involuntary contractions of smooth muscles that forces food down into stomach

30
Q

What does the stomach do in digestion?

A

partially digested food is broken down into a liquid; contracts to mix its contents (mechanical); gastric acids break down food (chemical)

31
Q

What does the small intestine do in digestion?

A

most of digestion takes place in the first segment, the duodenum (only chemical: duodenum has ducts that release digestive enzymes)

32
Q

What does the large intestine do in digestion?

A

includes colon, rectum and anus: absorbs nutrients from digested foods, eliminates waste through feces, (only chemical breakdown: contains bacteria that finish breaking down food and produce essential nutrients like vitamin k)

33
Q

Describe arteries

A
  • carry oxygenated blood throughout the body (except for pulmonary)
  • thick, elastic muscle layer to handle high blood pressure
  • carry blood away from heart
  • arteriosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease
34
Q

Describe veins

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart (except for pulmonary)
  • thin, elastic muscle (less pressure than arteries)
  • blood vessels carry blood towards the heart
  • varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis
35
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • connect arteries and veins
  • extremely small, thin-walled blood vessels
  • bring blood in close contact with the tissues of the body (villi and microvilli for nutrients, close to lungs for oxygen)
  • one epithelial cell thick, allowing them to pick up nutrients from digestive system and oxygen from lungs via diffusion
  • release CO2 into lungs
  • deliver nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body while collecting CO2 and other waste
36
Q

What are the three lines of defence in the body?

A
  1. SKIN attempts to prevent pathogens from entering the body
  2. IMMUNE SYSTEM attacks and destroys harmful invaders: body sends white blood cells and antibodies (attack antigens)
  3. BONE MARROW produces white blood cells and antibodies - prevent invaders from harming the rest of the body and identify and signal the presence of other intruders for the rest of the immune system
37
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

destroys and removes invading microbes and viruses from the body

38
Q

What causes disease?

A

pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi)

39
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

TO UNCLOG ARTERIES: a surgeon inserts a plastic tube through an artery in the arm or leg all the way to the heart. When it reaches the blockage, a balloon or lader is used to open the clogged artery/break open the blood clot

40
Q

What causes heart disease and stroke?

A

hypertension (high blood pressure) and atherosclerosis (thickening of arterial walls): both cause blood clots that obstruct flow. In coronary artery = heart attack, in brain = stroke

41
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which attaches to oxygen: deoxygenated blood passes the alveoli, haemoglobin picks up oxygen, releases CO2

42
Q

What is SARS?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: causes fluid to fill the lungs, preventing absorption of oxygen. It is airborne and spreads quickly

43
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Acute Immunodeficiency Syndrome: caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) which attacks the immune system, preventing it from being able to attack invaders

44
Q

Describe the West Nile Virus

A

mostly no symptoms, but sometimes can result in death or serious illness, transferred through mosquitoes

45
Q

Example of how the contents of the cytoplasm affects cell specialization

A

If one daughter cell has more mitochondria, it would allow the cell to use more energy as it grows

46
Q

Example of how the environmental conditions affect cell specialization

A

Temperature - Siamese cats gets their colouration because only cells that develop at cold temperatures produce dark hair colours (parts of the cats body that are cold)
Nutrients - protein FGF4 in mice causes a cell to become a muscle cell

47
Q

Example of how the neighbouring cells affect cell specialization

A

Chick embryo cells develop into eye cells mainly

48
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system

A

transports nutrients and oxygen to cell and carries waste to organs responsible for eliminating them

49
Q

Describe the heart

A

most important organ in circulatory system: contracts to pump blood throughout the body - atria and ventricles contract simultaneously, two contractions needed to pump blood through 4 chambers of heart

50
Q

Describe the journey of deoxygenated blood

A

(cells use up oxygen and produce CO2) - (lower body) vena cava > right atrium > right vetricle > pulmonary artery > lungs (alveoli)

51
Q

Describe the journey of oxygenated blood

A

(lungs reoxygenate blood and the o blood travels back to the heart) pulmonary veins > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta (upper and lower body)

Science (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions