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physics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a scalar quantity

A

have a magnitude only

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2
Q

what are examples of scalar quantity

A

-speed
- distance
- mass
- temperature

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3
Q

what is a vector quantity

A

has a magnitude and a direction

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4
Q

how is a vector quantity represented on a diagram

A

with an arrow, length shows magnitude and direction shows direction

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5
Q

what are examples of vectors

A
  • velocity
  • weight/force
  • acceleration
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6
Q

what is a force

A

a push or pull on an object due to the interaction with another object

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7
Q

what is a contact force

A

the objects are phyiscally touching

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8
Q

what are examples of contact forces

A
  • friction, air resistance, tension
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9
Q

what is a non contact force

A

objects are physically separated

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10
Q

what are example of non contact forces

A

magnetic force, electrostatic force

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11
Q

what is an interaction pair

A

2 objects interact there is a equal and opposite force and act on 2 interacting objects

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12
Q

what is weight

A

force acting on an object due to gravity

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13
Q

what is the equation for weight

A

weight= mass x gravitaonal field strength

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14
Q

what is used to measure weight

A

a newton meter

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15
Q

what is weight measured in

A

newtons

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16
Q

what is mass measured in

A

kg

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17
Q

what is gravitaional field strength measured in

A

n/kg

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18
Q

weight is —— ——- to mass

A

weight is directaly proportional to mass

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19
Q

what is the centre of mass

A

the weight of an object is considered to act at a single point on an object

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20
Q

what is a moment

A

the turning effect of the force

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21
Q

what is the equation for moment

A

force x perpendicular distance from pivot

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22
Q

what is moment measured in

A

Nm

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23
Q

what is force measured in

A

N

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24
Q

what distance is it when calculating a moment

A

perpendicular distance from pivot to line of action

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25
Q

what happens if there is a larger distance (moment)

A

a larger moment

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26
Q

what can you say, in terms of moments, happens when an object is balanced

A

anticlockwise moment= clockwise moment

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27
Q

what cause work done

A

when a force causes an object to move a distance work is done on the object

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28
Q

what is the equation for work done

A

force x distance

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29
Q

what is work done measured in

A

joules

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30
Q

what happens to the object when work is done too it

A

a rise in temp

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31
Q

how do you convert from joules to newton metre

A

1 joule is 1 newton meter

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32
Q

what is a resultant force

A

a single force that has the same effect acting on the object as the combination of the other forces it has replaced

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33
Q

what is a lever

A

makes it easier for us to do work

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34
Q

why do levers make it easier to do work

A

they increase distance from pivot so less force is needed to get same movement

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35
Q

what is a lever? f— m—

A

force multiplier

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36
Q

what does a gear do

A

transmits rotational effect

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37
Q

—– gear will turn more slower than —— gear

A

larger gear will turn more slower than a smaller gear

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38
Q

how are gears used to change the moment of the force

A

different sized gears are used

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39
Q

what are gears used for

A
  • to transmit the rotational effect of a force from one place to another
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40
Q

what is distance

A

how far an object moves

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41
Q

is distance a vector or scalar

A

scalar

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42
Q

is displacement a vector or scalar

A

vector

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43
Q

what is displacement

A

measures how far from the start point to the finish point in a straight line

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44
Q

is speed a vector or scalar quantity

A

scalar

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45
Q

what is the average speed of someone walking

A

1.5 m/s

46
Q

what is the average speed of someone running

A

3 m/s

47
Q

what is the average speed of someone cycling

A

6 m/s

48
Q

what is the average speed of a car

A

25 m/s

49
Q

what is the average speed of train

A

85 m/s

50
Q

what is the average speed of plane

A

250 m/s

51
Q

what can speed depend on

A

age, terrain, fitness and distance travelled

52
Q

what is the speed of sound in air

A

330 m/s

53
Q

what is velocity

A

a speed in a given direction

54
Q

is velocity a scalar or vector

A

vector

55
Q

what is the equation for distance

A

distance= speed/ time

56
Q

how can you change velocity at a constant speed

A

change in direction whilst staying at the same speed

57
Q

what is acceleration

A

how quickly you are speeding up

58
Q

what is the equation for acceleration

A

change in velocity/ time

59
Q

what is the equation for constant acceleration

A

final velocity ^2 - initial velocity^2 = 2 x acceleration x distance

60
Q

what is shown on a distance time graph when the line is flat

A

stopped

61
Q

what is shown on a distance time graph when the line is constantly going up

A

steadyily increasing speed

62
Q

what is shown on a distance time graph when the line is curving upwards

A

it is accelerating

63
Q

what is shown on a distance time graph when the line is curving downwards

A

deccelerating

64
Q

how do you calculate the speed from the distance time graph

A

gradient- change in y/change in x

65
Q

how do you find the changing speed from a distance time graph

A

(accelerating) find the speed at a point by finding the gradient of the tangent at the point

66
Q

what does it mean when the line is flat on a velocity time graph

A

travelling at a steady speed

67
Q

what does it mean when the line is positively diagonally on a velocity time graph

A

steady acceleration

68
Q

how do you find the distance travelled on a velocity time graph

A

area under the graph in the time interval- count the squares

69
Q

what is newtons first law

A

an object will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalance force

70
Q

what happens if resultant force on a stationary object is 0

A

will remain stationary

71
Q

what is the resultant force of a stationary object or constant moving object

A

0

72
Q

what happens if resultant force on a moving object is 0

A

will carry on at same velocity

73
Q

what is inertia

A

the tendency of an object to continue in their state of rest or uniformed motion

74
Q

what is inertial mass

A

a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object (m= f/a)

75
Q

what is newtons 2nd law
(equation)

A

force= mass x acceleration

76
Q

—– and —– are ———- proportional (newtons 2nd law)

A

force and acceleration are directly proportional

77
Q

——- is ——— proportional to —— (newtons 2nd law)

A

acceleration is indirectly proportional to mass

78
Q

what is acceleration measured in

A

m/s^2

79
Q

what does ~ mean

A

approximate

80
Q

what is newtons 3rd law

A

when 2 objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

81
Q

how is the stopping distance calculated

A

thinking distnace + braking distance

82
Q

what is the thinking distance

A

how far car travels during drivers reaction time

83
Q

what is the braking distance

A

the distance taken to stop under the braking force

84
Q

what is your thinking distance affected by

A
  • your speed(the faster you go the further you will travel )
  • your reaction time
85
Q

what is braking distance affected by

A
  • your speed( faster takes longer too stop)
  • weather or road conditions( less grip for tyres
  • condition of tyres( bas tyres cannot remove water so skid)
  • condition of brakes( worn/faulty want apply as much force)
86
Q

what is a typical reaction time in seconds

A

0.2 - 0.9

87
Q

what can affect a drivers reaction time

A

tiredness, drugs, alcohol, distractions

88
Q

how can you measure reaction times with no electronics? method?

A

ruler drop test
1. someone holds the ruler above your fingers
2. without warning they let go and you should try and catch it as fast as possible
3. repeat t lots of times and fins the mean

89
Q

how else could you measure reaction time

A

use a computer based test

90
Q

why are large decelerations dangerous

A

can cause brakes to overheat so don’t work as well or cause vehicle to skid

91
Q

why should drivers leave enough space in between cars

A

so if they suddenly stop, they could do it safely

92
Q

what happens when a force is applied to the breaks

A

work is done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kientic energy of the vehicle and temperature of brakes increases

93
Q

what is the link between the braking force and speed

A

the greater the speed the greater the braking force needed to stop vehicle in a certain distance

94
Q

what is the equation for momentum

A

mass x velocity

95
Q

what is equal in a closed system (momentum)
what is this called?

A

total momentum before= total momentum after
- called conservation of momentum

96
Q

what happens when a force acts on an object that is moving (momentum)

A

a change in momentum occurs

97
Q

what is the equation to find the force that changed the momentum

A

change in momentum/ change in time

98
Q

what is momentum measued in

A

kg m/s

99
Q

what is elastic deformation

A

it it can go back into its original shape and length once the force has been removed(called elastic objects) eg springs

100
Q

what is inelastic deformation

A

if it does not return to its original shape and length after the force has been removed

101
Q

what happens when an object stretches or compresses

A

work is done when a force stretches/ compresses an object and cause energy to be transferred to the eleastic potential energy store of object

102
Q

why do you need more than one force to change the shape of an object

A

otherwise it would move in the direction of the applied force

103
Q

how do crumple zones, seat belts, helmets etc make us more safe (momentum)

A

create a smaller rate of change of momentum so less force which means less injuries

104
Q

how do crumple zones reduce momentum and keep us safe

A

crumple on impact, increasing time taken for the car to stop

105
Q

how do seat belts reduce momentum and keep us safe

A

they stretch slightly, increasing time taken for wearer to stop

106
Q

how do air bags reduce momentum and keep us safe

A

inflate before we hit the board- slows you sown gradually

107
Q

how do helmet reduce momentum and keep us safe

A

contain crushable layers of foam- helps to lengthen the time taken for your head to stop and reduces impact on your brain

108
Q

how do crash mats reduce momentum and keep us safe

A

cushioned play ground mats increases time taken for you to stop if you fall on them- made from squishable material

109
Q

what is directionally proportional to force applied

A

extension

110
Q

what is the equation for force using springs

A

spring constant x extension

111
Q

what is the spring constant measured in

A

n/m

112
Q

how do you investigate springs

A

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