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Random > goeg 22/10/24 > Flashcards

goeg 22/10/24 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a producer

A

an organism that converts energy from the sun by photosynthesis and from nutrients in the soil (plants)

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2
Q

what is a decomposer

A

an organism that breaks down plant and animal material and returns nutrients to the soil (bacteria)

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3
Q

what is a primary consumer

A

an organism that eats plants

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4
Q

what is a secondary or tertiary consumer

A

a carnivorous organism

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5
Q

what is the overall food chain (producer etc)

A

sun, producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer

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6
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

a natural system made up of plants, animals and the environment

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7
Q

what is biotic factor

A

the living features of an ecosystem

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8
Q

what is abiotic

A

the non living, environmental parts of an ecosystem eg, climate, soil, light

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of ecosystems

A
  • local or small scale
  • global scale
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10
Q

what is a local/ small scale ecosystem

A

e.g pond, hedge
a local ecosystem is called a habitat

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11
Q

what is the global scale ecosystem

A

e.g tropical rainforest
also called a biome

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12
Q

what is the nutrient cycle

A

the process of recycling the nutrients consumed by plants and animals
- death and decomposers return the nutrients to the soil making them available again for the growth of new plants and animals

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13
Q

what is a foodweb

A

shows all the connections between producers and consumers in a complex way

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14
Q

what is a foodchain

A

shows the direct link between producers and consumers in the form of a simple line

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15
Q

what do the arrows in a food chain show

A

always show where the energy is going
eg, animal eats plant
plant—> animal
animal gets the plants energy

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16
Q

where is Epping forest located

A
  • east of London and is all that remains of a larger forest that colonised England in the last ice age
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17
Q

what is the size of epping forest and how has it been managed in the past?

A
  • 2476 hectares, 19km long and 4km wide
  • been managed as a royal hunting ground, timber resources, rectreational use
  • now is a area of conservation and sceintific interest
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18
Q

what is epping forests ecosystem like

A
  • large numbers of native tree species
  • lower shrub layer of holly and hazel
  • 177 species of lichen and moss grow
  • insects, mammals and bird consumers species(9 amphibians and 38 bird species)
  • 700 species of fungi(important decomposer)
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19
Q

what is the nutrients cycle like in epping forest

A
  • looses a lot of nutrients each year
  • high flow rates of litter, soil and biomass reflects the vigorous cycle of new growth each year
  • the soil store is large as there is plenty of hummus(top layer of soil)
    -biomass store is large as height of trees and large dense undergrowth
    -
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20
Q

how is the ecosystem interdependent in epping forest

A
  • most trees are decidous(lose leaves in winter), in the spring they grow broad leaves to maximise photosynthesis during summe, in autum shed leaves to sonserve energy for winter
  • forest floor is covered with leaves, the decomposers get rid of the leaves
  • nutrients stored in the leaves are converted to hummus ready to support new plant growth, help grow fruits and berries which help primary consumers
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21
Q

what causes changes in an ecosystem (5)

A
  • changes in climate can disturb balance, in 1976 and 18 months drought killed many trees
  • a massive storm caused 1.5 mil trees to be felled and population numbers declined
  • grass is becoming more common than trees
  • deforestation exposes the soil and is washed away so cannot grow back ecosystems
  • human indicated climate change like temp or rainfall make it harder for ecosystems to survive in their current form
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22
Q

bettles eat the oak trees
spiders and woodpeckers eat bettles
owls eat woodpeckers
what happen if beetles were reduced by disease
(direct and indirect)

A

direct-
- impact on number of woodpeckers- decreases as less meals to eat
- increase in oak growth as fewer bettles feeding on them
indirect-
- owl numbers may also fall as they feed on woodpeckers
- woodpeckers are carnivorous so may have to eat more caterpillars instead but this would affect the numbers of blue tits who also eat caterpillars

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23
Q

how was yellow stone national parks ecosystem restored

A
  • they killed wolves and bears to remove danger to people
  • fewer wolves meant rabbit and deer population increased quickly and stripped the land of its vegetation
  • wolves were re introduced which had many impacts, the wolves restored balance to the ecosystem
24
Q

what is a coniferous forest

A
  • found roughly between 50’ and 60’ north of the equator
  • cone bearing evergreen
  • no sunlight for part of the year
    -canada/norway
25
Q

what are deserts

A
  • over 30’ and less than 300mm per year of rain
  • 20% of lands surface
  • tropics
  • australia/africa
26
Q

what is mediterranean

A
  • 30’-40’ and south on west coast of continents
  • hot, sunny dry summers and mild winters
  • vegetation includes olives and fruit
27
Q

what are mountains

A
  • plants and animals change with the elevation
  • up the mountain, it gets colder, trees change or disappear, animals are different to those at the bottom
28
Q

what are savanna grasslands

A

-15’ to 30’ north and south of the equator
- distinct wet and dry seasons
- large herds of animals graze on the lands such as lions and leopards

29
Q

what are temperate deciduous forests

A
  • between 50’ to 60’ north of the equator
  • deciduous trees shed their leaves in the winter to retain moisture
30
Q

what are temperate grasslands

A
  • 30’ to 40’ north and south of the equator
  • inland away from the coasts
  • hot summers and cold winters
  • grasses can tolerate these conditions and land is mainly used for grazing animals
31
Q

what are tropical forests

A
  • close to the equator
  • high temps and heavy rainfall
  • ideal conditions for plants to grow
  • cover 6% of earths surface
  • over 50% of earths plants and animals live in this ecosystem
  • 25% of all medicine come from rainforest plants
32
Q

what is a tundra

A
  • arctic circle, 60’ to 70’ north
  • low lying plants adapted to retain heat and moisture in the cold, windy, dry conditions
  • ecosystem is at risk from oil expectation and tourism
33
Q

what are the 2 reason why the weight of biomass gets smaller each tropic level

A
  • many parts of the plant or animal are not eaten
  • energy is lost at each level. hunters use lots of kinetic energy chasing prey, this can be time consuming. much of an animals daily calorie intake is used to stay alive rather than build new biomass
34
Q

where are rainforests located

A

mostly on the equator and the tropics, on south america ,africa

35
Q

what is the problem with tropic rainforests soils

A

infertile

36
Q

what are the layers of the soil in the tropical rainforest

A
  1. thin hummus layer
  2. oxides of iron and alluvium stain the soil red
  3. clays are produced by intense chemical weathering
  4. bed rock
37
Q

what is biodiversity

A

all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area

38
Q

what is the biodiversity in the tropical rainforest

A

over half of all plant and animals on the planet live in it

39
Q

what are the 2 types of rainforests

A
  • temperate
  • tropical
40
Q

how much rainfall does the rainforest receive per year

A

33 feet of rain per year

41
Q

how old are tropical rainforests

A

over 70 million years

42
Q

how has epiphytes have adapted to use other trees and plants

A
  • live high in the canopy on branches of tall trees seeking sunlight-get their nutrients from water and air rather from soil
43
Q

explain the functions of buttress roots

A
  • massive ridges that help support the base of tall trees and help transport water. act as anchors as roots underground are small and shallow to collects nutrients
44
Q

explain how drip leaves have adapted in the rainforest

A
  • many leaves have ‘drip tip’ to allow water from the heavy rain to drip off the leaves onto the forest floor, prevents the trees from loosing branches which break after being weighed down by water
45
Q

what are the orders of the layers of the rainforest

A
  1. Emergent layer(top)
  2. the canopy
  3. the understory
  4. shrub layer and forest floor
46
Q

what is camouflage
example?

A

it enables a creature to blend into its environment. its the most common adaptation in the rainforest
- green eyed frog looks like tree bark

47
Q

what is mimicry
example?

A
  • some creatures pretend to be something else
  • grasshopper behaves like a stinging wasp to deter predators
48
Q

what is limited diet
example?

A

animals only eat a small variation of food
- toucan only consumes fruits that other birds/animals cannot access

49
Q

what is the habitat adaptation
example?

A
  • some animals have adapted to live in very specialised environments
  • sloths have long arms to grip branches
50
Q

what are some medicines found in the rainforests used to treat

A

leech saliva- helps dissolve blood clots in humans
vampire bat saliva- helps prevents heart attacks
quinine- used to treat malaria

51
Q

what are the benefits of the rainforest (4)

A
  • biodiversity
  • climate change(store carbon)
  • water(important source of clean water)
  • climate(help to moderate local climate)
52
Q

what are the causes of deforestation

A
  • dams have been built which involved flooding vast areas of RF for the construction
  • logging, timber companies sell trees to others to make furniture, vast areas are cleared in one go
  • illegal wildlife trade, hunting ,poaching and trafficking wildlife are still big business, it is endangering species
  • agriculture, space being cleared for plantations and cattle farming. (80% of destruction in brazil)
  • miners, some minerals are found under rainforests. in 1990, 10000 hectares used for gold mining , it is felled
  • infrastructure, roads are needed to transport materials etc. but it means cutting great swathes through rainforest.one road built makes forest accessible for other exploiters
53
Q

how has countries reduced deforestation

A
  • rate of deforestation in Brazil have reached a record low as USA have said that they will stop trading with brazil if they didnt stop chopping down the trees
54
Q

what are the impacts of deforestation

A
  • loss of biodiversity- deforestation destroys the ecosystem and habitats that exist, 137 species lost every day, 50,000 species a year
  • contribution to climate change, trees absorb co2 which is a greenhouse gas that is responsible for global warming(leads to drier climate, temperatures rise as trees cool air, trees release the co2 they absorbed, causes warmer climate so melting ice caps which increase sea level)
55
Q

what are the positives and negatives of eco toursim

A

+ helps Brazil get $7 billion
- some accommodation not environmentally sustainable
- 6 months of the year flooding
- wild animals used in tourism(taking them out of their natural habitat)
+ creates employment for local population
+conservation of the rainforest- protected by national laws
+ promotes the preservation of habitats

56
Q

why does the RF need to be managed sustainably

A
  • to ensure RF remains a lasting resource for future generations
  • allows valuable resources to be used without causing long term damage to the environment
57
Q

what is selective logging

A

cutting down of mature trees over a 40 year cycle to ensure rainforests ahs time to recover

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