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13/09 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plate margin

A

a boundary between tectonic plates

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2
Q

what are the 4 plate margins

A
  • constructive
  • destructive
  • conservative
  • collision
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3
Q

what happens at a constructive plate margin

A

where 2 plates move apart from each other

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4
Q

why do the plates move on a constructive plate margin

A
  • magma is forcing its way up to the surface. as it breaks through the overlying crust it causes EARTHQUAKES and one it has reached the surface VOLCANOES
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5
Q

what is the volcano like at a constructive plate margin

A

the magma is very hot and fluid, the lava erupting will travel a long way before cooling- results in a broad and flat SHIELD volcano

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6
Q

what is the tectonic hazards at a constructive plate margin

A
  • earthquake
  • volcano
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7
Q

what is an example of a constructive plate margin

A

mid Atlantic ridge( volcano such as one in Iceland)

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8
Q

how do the plates move at a destructive plate margin

A

where 2 plates move towards each other

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9
Q

what happens when the plates move at a destructive plate margin

A

2 plates meet and a deep OCEAN TRENCH is formed. the denser plate is subducted beneath the lighter plate. the friction causes strong earthquakes. as the plate moves down, it melts and creates magma

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10
Q

what type of volcano is at a destructive margin

A

magma is forced to the surface to form explosive COMPOSITE volcano which erupt in violent and unpredictable ways

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11
Q

what are the tectonic hazards at a destructive margin

A
  • earthquake
  • volcano
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12
Q

what is an example of a destructive margin

A

west coast of south America(oceanic plate is subducted beneath south America plate)

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13
Q

how do the plates move at a collision margin

A

where 2 continental plates move together

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14
Q

what happens to the plates at a Collison margin

A

when 2 continantal plates meet they have similar density so no plate sinks. they collide and the crust of both become crumpled and uplifted- forming FOLD MOUNTAINS

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15
Q

what volcanos are formed at Collison margin

A

no volcanoes- no new magma is formed

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16
Q

what are the tectonic hazards at the collision margin

A
  • fold mountains
  • earthquakes
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17
Q

what is an example of a collision margin

A

Himalayas- fold mountains

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18
Q

how do the plates move at a conservative margin

A

where 2 plates move past each other

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19
Q

why is there earthquakes at a conservative margin

A

friction between these plates cause earthquakes - the faster moving plate is moving in the same direction as the slower plate. earthquakes happen as stress gradually builds up in the crust over many years

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20
Q

why can earthquakes at a conservative margins be destructive

A

they are close to the surface, stress is released suddenly

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21
Q

what are the tectonic hazards at the conservative margin

A

earthquakes
- no volcanoes as no magma formed

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22
Q

what is an example of a conservative margin

A

San Andreas fault in California

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23
Q

how is the earths crust split

A

into a number of tectonic plates

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24
Q

what are the 2 types of crust

A
  • oceanic crust
  • continental crust
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25
Q

what is the oceanic crust properties

A

-dense and thin
-can be destroyed
-younger

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26
Q

what is the continental crust properties

A

-less dense and thicker
-cant be destroyed
-older

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27
Q

how do tectonic plates move

A
  1. the heat source from the core- around 6000’c
  2. heated molten magma rock from the mantel rises
  3. the magma cools down and sinks back down towards the core to be reheated
    4.current flows beneath the lithosphere, building up lateral pressure
    5.semi molten rock spreads out carrying the plate
28
Q

other than plates being moved by magma, how else can they move

A

ridge push and slab pull

29
Q

what is ridge push

A

magma rises as the plates move apart. The magma cools to form new plate material. As it cools It becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge. This causes other plates to move away from each other.

30
Q

what is slab pull

A

at destructive margins, the denser pate sinks back into the mantel under gravity, which pulls the rest of the plate along behind it

31
Q

what do scientists believe about the climate

A

it is constantly changing

32
Q

what do scientist’s disagree on

A

whether the current trend of global warming is the result of natural or human actions

33
Q

what are the natural causes of climate change

A
  • orbital changes
  • solar activity
  • volcanic activity
34
Q

what are orbital changes

A

changes in the pathway of the earth around the sun

35
Q

what are the 2 orbits of the earth

A

elliptical and circular

36
Q

how does eccentricity affect the climate

A

earths orbit is not fixed, a complete cycle is 100,000 years, ice age when earths summer is furthest point away

37
Q

how does axis tilt affect the climate

A

over 41,000 yrs the tilt moves between 21’ and 24.5’. the summer will be cold when tilted away

38
Q

how does precession affect the earths climate

A

a complete cycle is 26,000 yrs. some areas experience longer days

39
Q

how does solar sunspot activity affect climate

A
  • high sunspot activity means more heat given off so higher temperatures and more radiation
  • lower sunspot activity means less heat given off and lower temperatures
40
Q

what happened when winter had very few sunspot activity

A

much fewer sunspots led to winters that were so cold, people would skate on the river Thames and host fairs on it

41
Q

what happens with volcanic activity that affects climate

A
  1. volcanic eruptions blast huge quantities of ash and gases into the atmosphere
  2. the ash blocks the sunlight reaching earths. this can reduce temperature, usually in short term until ash settles
  3. drops of sulphuric acid act like mirrors- reflecting radiation from the sun-can last longer
42
Q

what does a volcanic eruption create

A

a volcanic winter

43
Q

what happened when mount Tambora erupted

A
  • the world most powerful eruption for over 16000 years
  • ash and sulphuric acid caused the average global temp to fall by 0.4-0.7 ‘c
  • across the world, harvests failed. there were major food shortages in europe and north america. were riots and lootings- worse famine resulted in approx 200,000 deaths
44
Q

how does agriculture affect the climate (human)

A
  • contributes to 20 % of emissions
  • produces large amounts of methane- catlle produces it during digestion and microbes when they decay the organic matter under flooded rice fields
  • as population increases more food is required especially in asia as rice is staple diet
  • when countires increase standard of life, there is an increase for meat
  • if current population rate continues, its contirution to cc will increase
45
Q

how does using Fossil Fuels affect the climate

A
  • accounts for over 50% of gas emissions
  • burning them release co2 into the atmosphere
  • used in transport, building, heating homes and manufacturing
  • burnt in power stations to produce electricty
  • poeple are demanding more energy which increases level of ff and co2
  • the ff reflect and trap the radiation in the atmosphere
46
Q

how bad was typhoon haiyan

A
  • direct hit over Philippians
  • category 5
47
Q

what were the primary effects of typhoon haiyan

A
  • at least 6300 people died from drowning or sever injury
  • 30,000 fishing boats were destroyed- damaging lively hoods
  • storm surges flattened coastal areas- over 600,000 people displaced
  • 90% of tacloban destroyed
  • airports, ports and public services damaged
  • over 400mm of rain causing flooding
  • strong winds damaged crops and infrastructure
48
Q

what are the secondary effects of typhoon haiyan

A
  • 14 mil people were affected- major shortages of food, water and aid led to outbreaks of disease
  • flooding caused landslides which blocked roads and slowed relief efforts
  • morgues became overwhelmed, mass buries for thousands to limit disease
  • flights and ferries disrupted which slowed distribution of aid and led to further deaths
  • 6 million people lost jobs
  • hospitals ,shops, schools damaged disrupting education and livelihood
  • looting and violence broke out in Tacloban
  • power supplies were cut off for a month, affecting communication
49
Q

what is a push factor

A

something that makes someone want to leave

50
Q

what is a pull factor

A

something that make someone want to come

51
Q

what are the push reasons for migration

A
  • lack of healthcare
  • isolated due to poor roads
  • schools provide only basic education
  • farming is hard and poorly paid
  • drought or other climate hazards
  • war and conflict
52
Q

what are the pull reasons for migration

A
  • good job opportunities
  • a higher standard of living possible
  • a range of entertainment available
  • chance to get better education
  • better medical facilities
53
Q

how can you get around lagos (6)

A
  • public bus
  • taxis
  • moped/electric bike
  • tuctuc
  • ferry
  • mini bus
54
Q

how has rapid population growth contributed to lagos congestion problem

A
  • more commuters using roads that aren’t fit for purpose in older polluting vehicles so more pollution
55
Q

how has a poorly integrated transport system contributed to Lagos congestion problem

A
  • difficult to use public transport so more cars on the road
56
Q

how has a lack of investment led to lagos congestion problem

A
  • no schemes to encourage use of public transport, no investment for improving road quality or moving to newer vehicles e.g electric cars
57
Q

what is the problem with lagos congestion issue

A
  • takes hours to get to work
  • leads to asthma and respitory problems
58
Q

how does car emissions contribute to air pollution

A
  • many cars so all the emissions lead to poor air quality and cause climate change
59
Q

what is urban sprawl

A

the unplanned growth of the urban arears into the surrounding countryside

60
Q

what are the disadvantages of urban sprawl

A
  • increased levels of pollution on the outskirts means poorer air quality- can be caused by increased traffic
  • loss of agriculture land and open spaces will impact on food production levels so more imports, less money for farmers
  • loss of habitats will mean ecosystems can be destroyed
61
Q

why does london need to build on greenfield sights etc

A
  • londons population is growing rapidly and not enough homes are being built- it has been made worse by investors purchasing property
62
Q

what is a greenfield sight

A

a plot of land that has not been subject to any biulding devlopment

63
Q

what is a brown field sight

A

land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits new use

64
Q

what are the issues of developing brownfield sights

A
  • land is more expensive in urban areas
  • close to existing poor housing so can be difficult to sell
  • clear up costs as old buildings need to be demolished
  • ground may need to be decontaminated
65
Q

what are the issues of developing on greenfield sights

A
  • encourages commuting and therefore pollution
  • encourages urban sprawl
  • valuable farm land or recreation land may be lost
  • natural habitats may be destroyed

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