PHYSICS 101-1 Unit 1 Lesson 4,5,6 Flashcards
Matter
anything that has mass, occupies space, and has inertia
There are ____ distinct atoms (known to humans) ____ kinds of atoms occur naturally, other types of atoms (_______) occur through laboratory production.
117 , 92 , elements
Atoms
Everything is made of ageless atoms that have been recycled through various forms throughout time.
Molecules
can be defined as simple or complex and consist of a combination of 2 or more atoms
Substance
material that has a definite and constant composition
Element
a substance made of atoms with the same atomic # and chemical properties.
A element/substance cannot be broken down into simpler substances by _______ means.
chemical
Give an example of a solid, liquid, and gas that constitute a single element.
solid: gold
liquid: mercury
gas: neon
Compound
2 or more different elements chemically bonded in a set proportion by mass
Mixtures
substances that mix together without combining chemically
What is the most common mixture?
air where N , O2 , CO2, etc are mixed
Energy
ability to do work
What is the SI units for energy?
joules (J)
What are the 2 main types of energy?
mechanical and chemical
What are the types of mechanical energy?
kinetic and potential
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion that gives reason for every moving body to do work
Potential Energy
Stored energy of a fixed position
Chemical Energy
refers to the energy released during a chemical reaction
What are the types of chemical energy?
heat (thermal energy)
electrical
nuclear
electromagnetic
Heat Energy
(thermal energy)
involves atoms and molecules where the atoms get heated
Electrical Energy
made from the movement of electrons charges
Nuclear Energy
stored in the nucleus of each atom and holds the particles in a tight bond
Electromagnetic Energy
energy that comes from electric and magnetic disturbances in space.
What is an example of electromagnetic energy?
x-rays
Law of Conservation of Mass (name 3 facts)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be transformed
Energy in the universe is constant
Bohr Model
a simple image of an atom that depicts its structure
What are the fundamental particles that make up the atom?
electron , proton , and neutron
What are the names for the valance electron shells?
K L M N O P Q
What is the formula used to determine the max number of electrons per shell?
K = 2(1)^2 L= 2(2)^2 M=2(3)^2 O=2(4)^2 P=2(5)^2 Q=2(6)^2
Electron (3 valid points)
one unit of negative charge
mass of 9.11 x 10^-31
revolves around the nucleus in fixed orbits
Proton (4 valid points)
one unit of positive charge
mass of 1.673 x 10^-27
inside the nucleus
atomic # from the periodic table = proton #
Neutron (3 valid points)
no electric charge
mass of 1.675 x 10^-27
inside the nucleus
What is the smallest/lightest between electrons, protons, and neutrons?
electrons !!!
Nucleus
center of the atom
Nucleons
particles in the nucleus
The # of electrons is _____ to the # of protons in the nucleus of a neutral atom.
equal
Atomic Weight
all the mass of C-12 isotope
Atomic Number =
proton number
Atomic Number
determines the identity of an element to make it unique from the other elements
Nucleus Formula
A = Z + N
A
atomic mass number
Z
proton number and atomic number
N
neutron number
Electron Binding Energy
the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus of an atom
The _____ an electron to the nucleus , the greater the electron binding energy drawing it to the nucleus.
closer
Electron binding energy is strongest at the ____-shell
K
K-shell electrons have ______ binding energies than L-shell electrons, L-shell electrons are more tightly bound to the nucleus than ___-shell.
higher , M-Q
What is the abbreviation for the electron binding energy?
E
b
The _____ the total number of electrons in an atom, the more tightly each is bound.
greater
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
1/12 of the C-12 isotope
Atomic Weight is also known as
elemental mass
simple molecule
simple two atom combinations like O2 or N2
complex molecule
millions of atom combinations like DNA
Chemical Reaction
process where atoms rearrange to make different molecules.
What are the 3 states of matter ?
solids, liquids, and gases
The degree of ______ between atoms or molecules determine its state of solid, liquid, or gas.
attraction
In all 3 states, atoms are perpetually _____.
moving
To go from solid to liquid to gas there is a/an _____ of energy.
addition
When going from solid to liquid to gas there is a/an ______ in movement/vibration of the atoms.
increase
Solid
atoms and molecules vibrate about fixed positions
Liquid
molecules are free to move and are not fixed so they can take the shape of its holder
Gases
molecules may break away from each other
Periodic Table
the arrangement of elements from the lowest atomic weight / atomic number to the highest
Vertical Columns of the Periodic Table
called families or groups
gives the number of electrons in the outter most shell of the atom (valence electron)
Horizontal Columns of the Periodic Table
called periods or series
gives the number of shells within the atom
Transitional Elements
any element in the “d-block” of the periodic table
What groups of the periodic table represent the transitional elements?
3-12
The transitional elements represent an ______ of the orderly scheme of atomic progression from smallest to largest atom.
interruption
these elements fall in-between groups 2 and 3 of the periodic table
In the case of transitional elements, electrons are often added in the _____ shells.
inner
Chemical properties of transitional elements depend on the number of electrons in the ___ outermost electron shells.
2
Valence Electrons
number of electrons in the outter most electron shell
Valence
the ability/process of an atom to mix with other atoms
Chemical Activity
the interaction of atoms based on valence electrons
_________ are responsible for all chemical and electrical activities of elements
valence electrons
Rule of Octet is also known as the _______ principle
Bury-Bohr
Rule of Octet
says that no outer shell can have more than 8 electrons
Chemically unstable atoms
atoms with less than 8 valence electrons
Ions
atoms that have a positive or negative charge
What is the valence of group 8 on the periodic table?
0
What is the valence of group 4 on the periodic table?
+ or - 4
What is the valence of group 1 on the periodic table?
+ 1
What are the 2 types of chemical bonds ?
ionic and covalent
Chemical bond
the way in which elements link together through each others valence electrons
Ionic / Electrovalent bond
made by an electrostatic attraction with positive and negative elements
Covalent bonds
bonding of 2 or more elements when ions or electronegativity aren’t a factor. Sharing of outer shell electrons.
A positive valance wants to ____ electrons
give
A negative valance wants to ______ electrons
take
