PHYSICS 101-1 Unit 1 Lesson 4,5,6

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

anything that has mass, occupies space, and has inertia

Question 2

There are ____ distinct atoms (known to humans) ____ kinds of atoms occur naturally, other types of atoms (_______) occur through laboratory production.

Answer 2

117 , 92 , elements

Question 3

Atoms

Answer 3

Everything is made of ageless atoms that have been recycled through various forms throughout time.

Question 4

Molecules

Answer 4

can be defined as simple or complex and consist of a combination of 2 or more atoms

Question 5

Substance

Answer 5

material that has a definite and constant composition

Question 6

Element

Answer 6

a substance made of atoms with the same atomic # and chemical properties.

Question 7

A element/substance cannot be broken down into simpler substances by _______ means.

Answer 7

chemical

Question 8

Give an example of a solid, liquid, and gas that constitute a single element.

Answer 8

solid: gold
liquid: mercury
gas: neon

Question 9

Compound

Answer 9

2 or more different elements chemically bonded in a set proportion by mass

Question 10

Mixtures

Answer 10

substances that mix together without combining chemically

Question 11

What is the most common mixture?

Answer 11

air where N , O2 , CO2, etc are mixed

Question 12

Energy

Answer 12

ability to do work

Question 13

What is the SI units for energy?

Answer 13

joules (J)

Question 14

What are the 2 main types of energy?

Answer 14

mechanical and chemical

Question 15

What are the types of mechanical energy?

Answer 15

kinetic and potential

Question 16

Kinetic Energy

Answer 16

the energy of motion that gives reason for every moving body to do work

Question 17

Potential Energy

Answer 17

Stored energy of a fixed position

Question 18

Chemical Energy

Answer 18

refers to the energy released during a chemical reaction

Question 19

What are the types of chemical energy?

Answer 19

heat (thermal energy)
electrical
nuclear
electromagnetic

Question 20

Heat Energy

Answer 20

(thermal energy)

involves atoms and molecules where the atoms get heated

Question 21

Electrical Energy

Answer 21

made from the movement of electrons charges

Question 22

Nuclear Energy

Answer 22

stored in the nucleus of each atom and holds the particles in a tight bond

Question 23

Electromagnetic Energy

Answer 23

energy that comes from electric and magnetic disturbances in space.

Question 24

What is an example of electromagnetic energy?

Answer 24

x-rays

Question 25

Law of Conservation of Mass (name 3 facts)

Answer 25

Energy cannot be created or destroyed Energy can be transformed Energy in the universe is constant

Question 26

Bohr Model

Answer 26

a simple image of an atom that depicts its structure

Question 27

What are the fundamental particles that make up the atom?

Answer 27

electron , proton , and neutron

Question 28

What are the names for the valance electron shells?

Answer 28

``` K L M N O P Q ```

Question 29

What is the formula used to determine the max number of electrons per shell?

Answer 29

``` K = 2(1)^2 L= 2(2)^2 M=2(3)^2 O=2(4)^2 P=2(5)^2 Q=2(6)^2 ```

Question 30

Electron (3 valid points)

Answer 30

one unit of negative charge mass of 9.11 x 10^-31 revolves around the nucleus in fixed orbits

Question 31

Proton (4 valid points)

Answer 31

one unit of positive charge mass of 1.673 x 10^-27 inside the nucleus atomic # from the periodic table = proton #

Question 32

Neutron (3 valid points)

Answer 32

no electric charge mass of 1.675 x 10^-27 inside the nucleus

Question 33

What is the smallest/lightest between electrons, protons, and neutrons?

Answer 33

electrons !!!

Question 34

Nucleus

Answer 34

center of the atom

Question 35

Nucleons

Answer 35

particles in the nucleus

Question 36

The # of electrons is _____ to the # of protons in the nucleus of a neutral atom.

Answer 36

equal

Question 37

Atomic Weight

Answer 37

all the mass of C-12 isotope

Question 38

Atomic Number =

Answer 38

proton number

Question 39

Atomic Number

Answer 39

determines the identity of an element to make it unique from the other elements

Question 40

Nucleus Formula

Answer 40

A = Z + N

Question 41

A

Answer 41

atomic mass number

Question 42

Z

Answer 42

proton number and atomic number

Question 43

N

Answer 43

neutron number

Question 44

Electron Binding Energy

Answer 44

the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus of an atom

Question 45

The _____ an electron to the nucleus , the greater the electron binding energy drawing it to the nucleus.

Answer 45

closer

Question 46

Electron binding energy is strongest at the ____-shell

Answer 46

K

Question 47

K-shell electrons have ______ binding energies than L-shell electrons, L-shell electrons are more tightly bound to the nucleus than ___-shell.

Answer 47

higher , M-Q

Question 48

What is the abbreviation for the electron binding energy?

Answer 48

E | b

Question 49

The _____ the total number of electrons in an atom, the more tightly each is bound.

Answer 49

greater

Question 50

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

Answer 50

1/12 of the C-12 isotope

Question 51

Atomic Weight is also known as

Answer 51

elemental mass

Question 52

simple molecule

Answer 52

simple two atom combinations like O2 or N2

Question 53

complex molecule

Answer 53

millions of atom combinations like DNA

Question 54

Chemical Reaction

Answer 54

process where atoms rearrange to make different molecules.

Question 55

What are the 3 states of matter ?

Answer 55

solids, liquids, and gases

Question 56

The degree of ______ between atoms or molecules determine its state of solid, liquid, or gas.

Answer 56

attraction

Question 57

In all 3 states, atoms are perpetually _____.

Answer 57

moving

Question 58

To go from solid to liquid to gas there is a/an _____ of energy.

Answer 58

addition

Question 59

When going from solid to liquid to gas there is a/an ______ in movement/vibration of the atoms.

Answer 59

increase

Question 60

Solid

Answer 60

atoms and molecules vibrate about fixed positions

Question 61

Liquid

Answer 61

molecules are free to move and are not fixed so they can take the shape of its holder

Question 62

Gases

Answer 62

molecules may break away from each other

Question 63

Periodic Table

Answer 63

the arrangement of elements from the lowest atomic weight / atomic number to the highest

Question 64

Vertical Columns of the Periodic Table

Answer 64

called families or groups | gives the number of electrons in the outter most shell of the atom (valence electron)

Question 65

Horizontal Columns of the Periodic Table

Answer 65

called periods or series | gives the number of shells within the atom

Question 66

Transitional Elements

Answer 66

any element in the "d-block" of the periodic table

Question 67

What groups of the periodic table represent the transitional elements?

Answer 67

3-12

Question 68

The transitional elements represent an ______ of the orderly scheme of atomic progression from smallest to largest atom.

Answer 68

interruption | these elements fall in-between groups 2 and 3 of the periodic table

Question 69

In the case of transitional elements, electrons are often added in the _____ shells.

Answer 69

inner

Question 70

Chemical properties of transitional elements depend on the number of electrons in the ___ outermost electron shells.

Answer 70

2

Question 71

Valence Electrons

Answer 71

number of electrons in the outter most electron shell

Question 72

Valence

Answer 72

the ability/process of an atom to mix with other atoms

Question 73

Chemical Activity

Answer 73

the interaction of atoms based on valence electrons

Question 74

_________ are responsible for all chemical and electrical activities of elements

Answer 74

valence electrons

Question 75

Rule of Octet is also known as the _______ principle

Answer 75

Bury-Bohr

Question 76

Rule of Octet

Answer 76

says that no outer shell can have more than 8 electrons

Question 77

Chemically unstable atoms

Answer 77

atoms with less than 8 valence electrons

Question 78

Ions

Answer 78

atoms that have a positive or negative charge

Question 79

What is the valence of group 8 on the periodic table?

Answer 79

0

Question 80

What is the valence of group 4 on the periodic table?

Answer 80

+ or - 4

Question 81

What is the valence of group 1 on the periodic table?

Answer 81

+ 1

Question 82

What are the 2 types of chemical bonds ?

Answer 82

ionic and covalent

Question 83

Chemical bond

Answer 83

the way in which elements link together through each others valence electrons

Question 84

Ionic / Electrovalent bond

Answer 84

made by an electrostatic attraction with positive and negative elements

Question 85

Covalent bonds

Answer 85

bonding of 2 or more elements when ions or electronegativity aren't a factor. Sharing of outer shell electrons.

Question 86

A positive valance wants to ____ electrons

Answer 86

give

Question 87

A negative valance wants to ______ electrons

Answer 87

take