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PHYSICAL: Weather And Climate Flashcards

1
Q

North Atlantic drift

A

Driven by prevailing winds bringing warm water from Gulf of Mexico. Without it uk would be the same temperature as other countries 5c warmer

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2
Q

Impacts on uk location: Prevailing winds

A

Winds from south west bringing warm moist air from the Atlantic Ocean hence why the west of the uk is wetter than east

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3
Q

Impacts of uk location: latitude

A

North is colder than south as its closer to the equator

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4
Q

Ferrel cells

A

Some of the cooled air moves back towards equator - trade winds.
The rest travels towards the pole as lower part of ferrel cell

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5
Q

Hadley cells

A

Warm air @ equator rises to 15km - low pressure. Air current from equator cools and moves towards tropics

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6
Q

Polar cells

A

60N and S warmer air of ferrel cells meets colder polar air. The warmer air rises to form polar cells- travels to poles-cools- sinks- high air pressure.

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7
Q

Oceanic circulation

A

Warm ocean current is less dense as less salt and travels on surface
Cold ocean current sinks as it contains more salt and is denser

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8
Q

Impacts of uk location: Altitude

A

The higher the altitude of an area the colder it will be.

1 degree lost every 100 meters higher above sea level

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9
Q

Differences in uk climate

A

SOUTH WEST- mild winters, warm summers
NORTH WEST - mild winters, cool summers
NORTH EAST- cold winters, cool summers
SOUTH EAST- cold winters, warm summers

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10
Q

Impacts on uk location: Maritime influence

A

Air reaching uk contains lots of moisture as we are surrounded by sea, leading to rainfall all yea

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11
Q

What % of Ethiopians have access to improved water source?

A

57%

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12
Q

IMPACTS OF ETHIPIOAN DROUGHT: water supplies

A

Walk miles for water
Girls less time in school.
Water supplies can be polluted alternative

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13
Q

IMPACTS OF DROUGHT IN ETHIOPIA: lack of food production

A

Reduced food supplies lead to increases in price causing hunger and malnutrition

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14
Q

IMPACTS OF ETHIOPIAS DROUGHT: loss of food for animals

A

Land becomes too dry to support vegetation- less food and water for animals resulting in death of livestock

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15
Q

What is ethiopias drought caused by?

A

Meteorological

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16
Q

Hazards from ethiopias drought

A
  • reduction in crop yields
  • longer journeys to find water
  • migration
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17
Q

Impacts of drought in Ethiopia: Migration

A

People migrate to cities with improved access to water and escape troubles in countryside

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18
Q

Which organisations helped give people water in ethipioa?

A

Oxfam + unicef

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19
Q

Where are arid environments located?

A

On the boundary of the Hadley and the ferrel cells which have large amounts of high pressure. The dry descending air creates the circumstances very little cloud formation - low precipitation

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20
Q

How much did USA government give Ethiopia in aid?

A

$128.4 million

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21
Q

How many hectares were lost due to forest fires in Ethiopia?

A

200,000

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22
Q

In Ethiopia what species is becoming extinct from droughts?

A

Grevy zebra

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23
Q

What % of ethiopia rely on agriculture?

A

85%

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24
Q

When was ethiopias drought?

A

1980s-2015

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25
Organisations response to California drought
University of California research project on effectively managing groundwater
26
Individuals response to California drought
- farmers encourages to use water efficient irrigation | - homeowners need to check for water leaks
27
What was the government response to drought in California?
25% cut in water use
28
Impacts to ecosystems in californias drought
- water diverted so wetlands and river levels decline. Rivers flow to slow for salmon breeding - wildfires/ air pollution
29
How many acres of land were taken out of crop production in California?
542,000 acres
30
How much did it cost per year for people in California?
$2.7 billion
31
Hazards from California
- contamination of land and drinking water by sea water | - wildfires spread quickly
32
When was California drought?
January 2014 (3rd year)
33
Economic impacts of drought
- food prices increase | - mass unemployment
34
Environmental impacts of drought
- habitats/ river habitats damaged or lost - endangered species become extinct - wild animals suffer from a loss of water - soil becomes dry
35
Social impacts of drought
- depression + anxiety over economic impacts - safety risks as fries. And dust storms are likely impacts - job loss - unemployment
36
Hydrological causes of drought explained
The effects of drought take longer to recognise as soil moisture + under ground water levels may be less obvious
37
What are droughts?
Temporary low precipitation, high pressure conditions with no rainfall
38
What are arid environments?
A permanent low precipitation an environment receives less than 250mm of precipitation a year
39
CAUSES OF DROUGHTS: meteorological
Caused by a change in usual weather patterns in an area receiving less than average preipitation
40
CAUSES OF DROUGHT: human
- DAMS - DEFORESTATION - AGRICULTURE
41
CAUSES OF DROUGHTS: HYDROLOGICAL
Impact of low precipitation in the hydrological cycle. Less precipitation - groundwater supplies are reservoirs aren’t filled
42
Deforestation cause of drought
As trees are cut down there are fewer of them to intercept/ absorb rainfall and it return it to the atmosphere the local water cycle is disrupted causing drought
43
Negative impacts of climate change on people: LOWER CROP YIELDS
Changes in climates near equator could mean longer periods of less rainfall. -food shortages causing loss of livelihood and malnutrition
44
Negative impacts of climate change on people: FLOOD RISK
Low-lying islands like Maldives face risk of flooding from rising sea levels - more coastal flooding - evacuation - affect livelihoods of individuals tourism
45
Surface impact
Large cosmetic materials e.g. asteroids and comets impact of surface producing lots of dust which rises into the atmosphere blocking solar radiation and decreasing temperature
46
volcanism
Ejection of ash and dust from volcanic eruptions can enter the atmosphere blocking out suns radiation reducing temperatures
47
Solar radiation
Radiation release from the Sun varies over time. Periods of low solar activity lead to glacial cold periods high solar activity lead to interglacial warm periods
48
Evidence of climate change
- ICE CORES trap volcanic ash, microbes and air bubbles - PRESERVED POLLEN provides evidence on warm and cold growing conditions - HISTORICAL SOURCES - TREE RINGS wild rings warm wet climate thin rings colder drier climate
49
Greenhouse effect
1) heat energy from the Sun passes through the atmosphere heating up earth 2) most radiated into space 3) greenhouse gases trap heat
50
HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: transport
Rising affluence increases car and travel releasing more greenhouse gases - 1 .2 billion vehicles on the road
51
HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: farming
Global population growth increases demand of food. Western style diets becoming more popular increasing methane levels and my mechanisation burns more fuels
52
HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: energy
New technologies and population growth increases demand for electricity produced by coal, oil and natural gases producing greenhouse gas
53
HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: industry
Rising demand for consumer goods increases production, burning more fossil fuels releasing greenhouse gases
54
Negative impacts of climate change on environment : MELTING ICE SHEETS AND RETREATING GLACIERS
Add water to oceans, making sea levels rise. Arctic melting could cause the gulf stream to move to futhur south
55
Negative impacts of climate change on environment: RISING SEA LEVELS
Causes coastal flooding. Increase salinity in soil causing plants to die. Rises 3.2 mm each year
56
How warm does the water need to be for a cyclone to form?
>27 degrees
57
Tropical cyclone impacts
- Flash flooding - impact infrastructure/damage - loss of life
58
Environmental impacts of typhoon Haiyan
- mangroves damaged - trees uprooted - Oil spills from oil tanker causing sea pollution
59
Individuals responses to Typhoon Haiyan
People in countries UK and Canada gave money towards relief efforts
60
How much money did UK give Haiyan in aid?
£10 million
61
Economic impact of typhoon Haiyan
- Airports damaged made aid difficult,, no power only in day | - 70 to 80% structures damaged
62
How much did the damage from Typhoon Haiyan cost the Philippines?
$2 billion
63
Social impacts of typhoon Haiyan
- airport damage - Power cut off - many isolated by landfall and debris - temporary loss of law and order - thousands homeless - 4.5 million affected
64
How many people displaced from their homes typhoon Haiyan?
600,000
65
How many people died in typhoon Haiyan?
6000 people
66
What was the windspeed of typhoon Haiyan?
300 km/h
67
When was Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines?
2 November 2013
68
Government responses to hurricane Sandy
Billions of dollars voted through legislation to help rebuilding
69
Organisations responses to hurricane Sandy
American Red Cross helped victims
70
Individuals response to hurricane Sandy
Concert for Sunday relief Bon Jovi
71
Environmental impacts hurricane Sandy
- raw sewage leaked on street - storm surges - floods - fires 
72
How many flights were cancelled during hurricane Sandy?
18 000 flights
73
How many homes lost electricity/power in hurricane Sandy ?
8.5 million homes
74
How much did all the damage cost from hurricane Sandy?
$65 billion
75
How many people died from hurricane Sandy?
150 
76
When was hurricane Sandy?
 29th October 2012
77
What were the wind speeds of hurricane Sandy?
129 km/h
78
Hazards associated with tropical cyclones
- high winds - storm surges - landslides - coastal flooding - intense rainfall
79
When do tropical cyclones occur in northern tropics?
June to November
80
When do tropical cyclones occur in southern tropics?
November to April
81
How far can a tropical cyclone travel a day and speed?
Travel 600 km a day at 40 mph
82
What latitude the tropical cyclones occur?
Between five and 30° north and south
83
What is an eye wall?
Cloudbank is called the eye wall surround the eye
84
Tropical cyclone characteristics
Form a cylinder of rising spiralling air surrounding an eye of descending high air pressure
85
How wide and how tall are tropical cyclones?
400 km wide and 10 km high
86
Are tropical cyclones high or low pressure?
Very low pressure

Geography (9 decks)

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