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Geography > PHYSICAL: Weather And Climate > Flashcards

PHYSICAL: Weather And Climate Flashcards

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1
Q

North Atlantic drift

A

Driven by prevailing winds bringing warm water from Gulf of Mexico. Without it uk would be the same temperature as other countries 5c warmer

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2
Q

Impacts on uk location: Prevailing winds

A

Winds from south west bringing warm moist air from the Atlantic Ocean hence why the west of the uk is wetter than east

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3
Q

Impacts of uk location: latitude

A

North is colder than south as its closer to the equator

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4
Q

Ferrel cells

A

Some of the cooled air moves back towards equator - trade winds.
The rest travels towards the pole as lower part of ferrel cell

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5
Q

Hadley cells

A

Warm air @ equator rises to 15km - low pressure. Air current from equator cools and moves towards tropics

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6
Q

Polar cells

A

60N and S warmer air of ferrel cells meets colder polar air. The warmer air rises to form polar cells- travels to poles-cools- sinks- high air pressure.

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7
Q

Oceanic circulation

A

Warm ocean current is less dense as less salt and travels on surface
Cold ocean current sinks as it contains more salt and is denser

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8
Q

Impacts of uk location: Altitude

A

The higher the altitude of an area the colder it will be.

1 degree lost every 100 meters higher above sea level

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9
Q

Differences in uk climate

A

SOUTH WEST- mild winters, warm summers
NORTH WEST - mild winters, cool summers
NORTH EAST- cold winters, cool summers
SOUTH EAST- cold winters, warm summers

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10
Q

Impacts on uk location: Maritime influence

A

Air reaching uk contains lots of moisture as we are surrounded by sea, leading to rainfall all yea

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11
Q

What % of Ethiopians have access to improved water source?

A

57%

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12
Q

IMPACTS OF ETHIPIOAN DROUGHT: water supplies

A

Walk miles for water
Girls less time in school.
Water supplies can be polluted alternative

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13
Q

IMPACTS OF DROUGHT IN ETHIOPIA: lack of food production

A

Reduced food supplies lead to increases in price causing hunger and malnutrition

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14
Q

IMPACTS OF ETHIOPIAS DROUGHT: loss of food for animals

A

Land becomes too dry to support vegetation- less food and water for animals resulting in death of livestock

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15
Q

What is ethiopias drought caused by?

A

Meteorological

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16
Q

Hazards from ethiopias drought

A
  • reduction in crop yields
  • longer journeys to find water
  • migration
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17
Q

Impacts of drought in Ethiopia: Migration

A

People migrate to cities with improved access to water and escape troubles in countryside

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18
Q

Which organisations helped give people water in ethipioa?

A

Oxfam + unicef

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19
Q

Where are arid environments located?

A

On the boundary of the Hadley and the ferrel cells which have large amounts of high pressure. The dry descending air creates the circumstances very little cloud formation - low precipitation

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20
Q

How much did USA government give Ethiopia in aid?

A

$128.4 million

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21
Q

How many hectares were lost due to forest fires in Ethiopia?

A

200,000

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22
Q

In Ethiopia what species is becoming extinct from droughts?

A

Grevy zebra

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23
Q

What % of ethiopia rely on agriculture?

A

85%

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24
Q

When was ethiopias drought?

A

1980s-2015

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25
Q

Organisations response to California drought

A

University of California research project on effectively managing groundwater

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26
Q

Individuals response to California drought

A
  • farmers encourages to use water efficient irrigation

- homeowners need to check for water leaks

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27
Q

What was the government response to drought in California?

A

25% cut in water use

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28
Q

Impacts to ecosystems in californias drought

A
  • water diverted so wetlands and river levels decline. Rivers flow to slow for salmon breeding
  • wildfires/ air pollution
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29
Q

How many acres of land were taken out of crop production in California?

A

542,000 acres

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30
Q

How much did it cost per year for people in California?

A

$2.7 billion

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31
Q

Hazards from California

A
  • contamination of land and drinking water by sea water

- wildfires spread quickly

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32
Q

When was California drought?

A

January 2014 (3rd year)

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33
Q

Economic impacts of drought

A
  • food prices increase

- mass unemployment

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34
Q

Environmental impacts of drought

A
  • habitats/ river habitats damaged or lost
  • endangered species become extinct
  • wild animals suffer from a loss of water
  • soil becomes dry
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35
Q

Social impacts of drought

A
  • depression + anxiety over economic impacts
  • safety risks as fries. And dust storms are likely impacts
  • job loss
  • unemployment
36
Q

Hydrological causes of drought explained

A

The effects of drought take longer to recognise as soil moisture + under ground water levels may be less obvious

37
Q

What are droughts?

A

Temporary low precipitation, high pressure conditions with no rainfall

38
Q

What are arid environments?

A

A permanent low precipitation an environment receives less than 250mm of precipitation a year

39
Q

CAUSES OF DROUGHTS: meteorological

A

Caused by a change in usual weather patterns in an area receiving less than average preipitation

40
Q

CAUSES OF DROUGHT: human

A
  • DAMS
  • DEFORESTATION
  • AGRICULTURE
41
Q

CAUSES OF DROUGHTS: HYDROLOGICAL

A

Impact of low precipitation in the hydrological cycle. Less precipitation - groundwater supplies are reservoirs aren’t filled

42
Q

Deforestation cause of drought

A

As trees are cut down there are fewer of them to intercept/ absorb rainfall and it return it to the atmosphere the local water cycle is disrupted causing drought

43
Q

Negative impacts of climate change on people: LOWER CROP YIELDS

A

Changes in climates near equator could mean longer periods of less rainfall.
-food shortages causing loss of livelihood and malnutrition

44
Q

Negative impacts of climate change on people: FLOOD RISK

A

Low-lying islands like Maldives face risk of flooding from rising sea levels

  • more coastal flooding
  • evacuation
  • affect livelihoods of individuals tourism
45
Q

Surface impact

A

Large cosmetic materials e.g. asteroids and comets impact of surface producing lots of dust which rises into the atmosphere blocking solar radiation and decreasing temperature

46
Q

volcanism

A

Ejection of ash and dust from volcanic eruptions can enter the atmosphere blocking out suns radiation reducing temperatures

47
Q

Solar radiation

A

Radiation release from the Sun varies over time. Periods of low solar activity lead to glacial cold periods high solar activity lead to interglacial warm periods

48
Q

Evidence of climate change

A
  • ICE CORES trap volcanic ash, microbes and air bubbles
  • PRESERVED POLLEN provides evidence on warm and cold growing conditions
  • HISTORICAL SOURCES
  • TREE RINGS wild rings warm wet climate thin rings colder drier climate
49
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

1) heat energy from the Sun passes through the atmosphere heating up earth
2) most radiated into space
3) greenhouse gases trap heat

50
Q

HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: transport

A

Rising affluence increases car and travel releasing more greenhouse gases
- 1 .2 billion vehicles on the road

51
Q

HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: farming

A

Global population growth increases demand of food. Western style diets becoming more popular increasing methane levels and my mechanisation burns more fuels

52
Q

HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: energy

A

New technologies and population growth increases demand for electricity produced by coal, oil and natural gases producing greenhouse gas

53
Q

HUMAN CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: industry

A

Rising demand for consumer goods increases production, burning more fossil fuels releasing greenhouse gases

54
Q

Negative impacts of climate change on environment : MELTING ICE SHEETS AND RETREATING GLACIERS

A

Add water to oceans, making sea levels rise. Arctic melting could cause the gulf stream to move to futhur south

55
Q

Negative impacts of climate change on environment: RISING SEA LEVELS

A

Causes coastal flooding. Increase salinity in soil causing plants to die. Rises 3.2 mm each year

56
Q

How warm does the water need to be for a cyclone to form?

A

> 27 degrees

57
Q

Tropical cyclone impacts

A
  • Flash flooding
  • impact infrastructure/damage
  • loss of life
58
Q

Environmental impacts of typhoon Haiyan

A
  • mangroves damaged
  • trees uprooted
  • Oil spills from oil tanker causing sea pollution
59
Q

Individuals responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

People in countries UK and Canada gave money towards relief efforts

60
Q

How much money did UK give Haiyan in aid?

A

£10 million

61
Q

Economic impact of typhoon Haiyan

A
  • Airports damaged made aid difficult,, no power only in day

- 70 to 80% structures damaged

62
Q

How much did the damage from Typhoon Haiyan cost the Philippines?

A

$2 billion

63
Q

Social impacts of typhoon Haiyan

A
  • airport damage
  • Power cut off
  • many isolated by landfall and debris
  • temporary loss of law and order
  • thousands homeless
  • 4.5 million affected
64
Q

How many people displaced from their homes typhoon Haiyan?

A

600,000

65
Q

How many people died in typhoon Haiyan?

A

6000 people

66
Q

What was the windspeed of typhoon Haiyan?

A

300 km/h

67
Q

When was Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines?

A

2 November 2013

68
Q

Government responses to hurricane Sandy

A

Billions of dollars voted through legislation to help rebuilding

69
Q

Organisations responses to hurricane Sandy

A

American Red Cross helped victims

70
Q

Individuals response to hurricane Sandy

A

Concert for Sunday relief Bon Jovi

71
Q

Environmental impacts hurricane Sandy

A
  • raw sewage leaked on street
  • storm surges
  • floods
  • fires 
72
Q

How many flights were cancelled during hurricane Sandy?

A

18 000 flights

73
Q

How many homes lost electricity/power in hurricane Sandy ?

A

8.5 million homes

74
Q

How much did all the damage cost from hurricane Sandy?

A

$65 billion

75
Q

How many people died from hurricane Sandy?

A

150 

76
Q

When was hurricane Sandy?

A

 29th October 2012

77
Q

What were the wind speeds of hurricane Sandy?

A

129 km/h

78
Q

Hazards associated with tropical cyclones

A
  • high winds
  • storm surges
  • landslides
  • coastal flooding
  • intense rainfall
79
Q

When do tropical cyclones occur in northern tropics?

A

June to November

80
Q

When do tropical cyclones occur in southern tropics?

A

November to April

81
Q

How far can a tropical cyclone travel a day and speed?

A

Travel 600 km a day at 40 mph

82
Q

What latitude the tropical cyclones occur?

A

Between five and 30° north and south

83
Q

What is an eye wall?

A

Cloudbank is called the eye wall surround the eye

84
Q

Tropical cyclone characteristics

A

Form a cylinder of rising spiralling air surrounding an eye of descending high air pressure

85
Q

How wide and how tall are tropical cyclones?

A

400 km wide and 10 km high

86
Q

Are tropical cyclones high or low pressure?

A

Very low pressure

Geography (9 decks)

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