HUMAN changing UK cities- birmingham Flashcards
What is a CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT?
main hub of economic activity
eg brum grand central and bull ring
What is the INNER CITY?
characterised by terraced housing for factory workers. Some parts were re developed into high rise blocks of flats in 1970s
What is the SUBURBS?
Building density much lower. Detached/ semi detached housing built in 1930s and 1960s. Usually occupied by families and elderly residents who can afford larger homes
What is the URBAN RURAL FRINGE?
Fewer, larger, more recenlty built homes. Often detached. Cheaper land. Develpoment on greenbelt land. Out of town retail centres also sited here
URBANISATION
increased proportion of people living in built areas
What is SUBURBANISATION?
large movement of people to the periphery of cities creating larger urban conurbations
eg Edgebaston
What is COUNTER URBANISATION?
the movement of people from urban to rural areas
eg redditch
What is REURBNAISATION?
people move back to the centre of urban areas
Birminghams connectivity
Birmingham international airport, New street train station, M5, M6, M42, national links to west midlands
Birmingham environmental factors
571 parks covering 3500 ha and is the 15th sustainable city in the uk
Impacts of migration
Housing- risen by 5000
Age- 66% population of brum under 45
Multicultralism- 42% of residents from ethinic groups other than white
Services- pressure on doctors, schools and language barriers
What is DEINDUSTRAILISATION?
a decrease in the size of the manufacturing sector
Causes of DEINDUSTRIALISATION
Development of transport- factories move abroad
Technological advances- improved communication so businesses can operate all over the world
Globalisation- greater competition from abroad, increased connectivity with other countries
De-centralisation- movement of people to outskirts
SOCIAL and ECONOMIC impacts of DEINDUSTRALISATION
> unemployment 5900 jobs lost at longbridge (sw birmingham) site and 65000 in supply chain
lower family incomes
de population
anti social behaviour
ENVIRONMENTAL impacts of deindustrialisation
> brownfield sites (an area of land that has been built upon previously and can be regenerated for new constructions)
contaminated land
Why levels of urbanisation vary in the UK
> flat land- more accessible
industrial revolution- rapid growth of factory towns- industrial cities grew rapidly
jobs change to tertiary as factories move abroad
Changes in RETAILING
Decentralisation of retailing- movement of retail centres to outskirts of city - merry hill
Why there is a change in RETAILING
> increased car ownership- ability to park for free
cheaper land- bigger shops
suburbanisation- people now located out of cities
better shopping experience
IMPACT of retailing becoming decentralised
decline of city centre trade in CBD declined by 12% so Bull ring reopened in 2003
National migration TO birmingham
increaseed investment in CBD more jobs. increased number of students= 2nd largest student population in uk 78000 in 2011
National migration OUT of birmingham
elderly move out to retirement destinations eg bourmouth
International migration TO birmingham
> responding to shortage of workers initally from asian community and eastern european
people fleeing conflict eg birmingham city council pledged to take 500 syrian refugees
Making urban living more sustainable in Birmingham
SOCIAL
> 2012 new community centre in Sparkbrook housing 3 GP practices, library and offices for local start ups
youth promise pledged introduced to provide employment for 14-25
brimingham education partnership to recruit and retrain teachers in the area
Making urban living more sustainable in Birmingham
ENVIRONMENT
> ranked 15th sustainable city in the UK, reduced carbon emissions by 12% in 2010
gas powered buses and series of bus lanes to improve transport sustainability
recycling rate 30.1%
ecofootprint 4.15 ha below UK average of 5.3ha feb 2016
£59 million project announced to improve energy efficiency of Birmingham homes
