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GCSE Geography > 🌋 Physical: Volcanoes and Earthquakes > Flashcards

🌋 Physical: Volcanoes and Earthquakes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

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2
Q

Name the 3 different types of plate margins.

A

Destructive, constructive and conservative

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3
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary and what type of tectonic hazards may be created here?

A

Two plates converging together and the oceanic plate being subducted as it is denser. Earthquakes and volcanoes.

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4
Q

What is a constructive plate boundary and what type of tectonic hazards may be created here?

A

Rising magma adds new material to plates that are moving apart. Earthquakes and volcanoes.

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5
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary and what type of tectonic hazards may be created here?

A

Two tectonic plates sliding next to each other. Only earthquakes.

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6
Q

What is an immediate response?

A

The reactions of people as a disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

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7
Q

What is a long-term response?

A

Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after an event.

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8
Q

What is monitoring?

A

Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors to help forecast where and when a natural hazard might strike.

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9
Q

What is planning?

A

Actions taken to enable communities to respond to and recover from natural disasters through measures such as emergency evacuation.

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10
Q

What is prediction?

A

Attempts to forecast where and when a natural hazard will strike based on current knowledge.

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11
Q

What is protection?

A

Actions taken before a natural hazard strikes to reduce its impact.

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12
Q

What are primary effects?

A

The initial impacts of a natural event on people and property caused directly by it.

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13
Q

What are secondary effects?

A

The after effects that occur, sometimes on a larger timescale.

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14
Q

How do convection currents work?

A
  • The hot core causes magma to rise in the mantle and sink towards the core when it cools.
  • Convection builds pressure and carries plates with it.
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15
Q

How does slab pull work?

A
  • The denser plate sinks back into the mantle under the influence of gravity.
  • It pulls the rest of the plate along behind it.
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16
Q

How does ridge push work?

A
  • Magma rises as the plates move apart.
  • The magma cools to form new plate material.
  • As it cools it becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge.
  • This causes tectonic plates to move away from each other.
17
Q

Why do earthquakes occur at a destructive plate margin?

A

The plates stick and there is a build up of pressure which is suddenly released.

18
Q

How are volcanoes formed at destructive plate margins?

A

The oceanic plate boundary gets subducted and then melted in the mantle which then rises as hot magma and forms a volcano. The build up of pressure is the released as an eruption.

19
Q

What is the type of plate boundary found on Eyjafjallajökull and what are the names of the two plates?

A

Constructive. Eurasian and North American.

20
Q

Describe the location of Eyjafjallajökull?

A

Southern Iceland, 2km from the coast. West of Katla and South of Hekla. SE of Reykjavik 160km.

21
Q

What were the main primary effects of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010?

A
  • 150m of thick ice sheet melts
  • Ash cloud reaches 6,000 - 10,000m and spreads in wind direction
  • Thousands of tonnes of ash + steam plumes from melted ice forcing the ash higher
  • Flash flooding
  • Ash covers property and affects cattle
22
Q

What were the main secondary effects of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010?

A
  • 15th April 2010, all flights cancelled in and out of the UK because ash clogs fuel and cooling systems.
  • 95,000 flights cancelled + by 17th & 18th flights were down to 5,000 per day rather than 25,000
  • Hotel occupancy in London down 25%
  • Shops ran out of flowers fruit and veg
23
Q

What were the main immediate responses of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010?

A
  • 20 farming families were evacuated
  • Farm animals were moved into barns
  • Trenches dug to allow floodwater to pass away without washing away bridges
24
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point of origin of an earthquake within the earths crust.

25
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the earths surface that is directly above the the focus of the earthquake. This is where the seismic waves are the greatest.

26
Q

When was the earthquake of L’Aquila, Italy and what was the magnitude?

A

6th April 2009. 6.3 on the Richter scale.

27
Q

What was the cause of the earthquake in L’Aquila in 2009?

A

Collision plate boundary - 2 continental plates meeting

28
Q

What were the main primary effects of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • 308 people killed, 1500 injured and 67,500 made homeless.
  • 10,000 - 15,000 buildings collapsed
  • San Salvatore hospital had to evacuate patients
  • $11,438m in damages
29
Q

What were the main secondary effects of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • Aftershocks triggered landslides
  • Mudflow caused by burst main water supply
  • Number of students at university had decreased
  • House prices and rent increased
  • Reduced income from tourists
30
Q

What were the main immediate responses of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • Hotels provided 10,000 people shelter
  • 40,000 tents provided by the government
  • Italian red cross searched for people (36 ambulances)
  • British red cross raised £171,000
  • Mortgages and bills suspended
  • Italian post office offered free mobile phone calls
  • EU granted $552.9m for re-building
31
Q

What were the main long-term responses of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • Torch lit procession
  • No taxes for residents in 2010
  • Free transport for students and discounts on educational equipment
  • No university fees for 3 years
  • Estimated 15 years to rebuild
32
Q

When was the earthquake of Gorkha, Nepal and what was the magnitude?

A

25th April 2015. 7.8 magnitude on Richter scale.

33
Q

What was the cause of the earthquake in Gorkha in 2015?

A

Collision plate boundaries - 2 continental plates meeting

34
Q

What were the main primary effects of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • 8,841 dead 16,800 injured and 1 million made homeless
  • Historic buildings destroyed e.g. dharahara tower
  • 26 hospitals destroyed and 50% of schools
35
Q

What were the main secondary effects of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • Avalanche on mount Everest + 19 died at base camp
  • Tourism will shrink from the 8.9% of GDP to 7.9% in 2019 affecting 1.1m people
  • Rice seed stored in homes was ruined leading to food shortage and income loss
36
Q

What were the immediate responses of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • The UK’s DEC raised $126m by September 2015
  • Temporary shelters were put into place
  • Red cross supplied 225,000 tents
  • UN and WHO distributed medical supplies
37
Q

What were the long-term responses of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • Plans to rebuild 23 areas were made
  • 8 months later $274m of aid had been spent
  • By June, Durbar square was cleaned up and re-opened
  • By August, mount Everest was re-opened and trails re-routed
  • FAO started a recovery phase of 6 months to expand crop growing
38
Q

Why do people still live in areas of tectonic hazards?

A
  • Some places are well prepared
  • In Iceland volcanoes provide cheap geothermal power, 28% of all its energy
  • Volcanic soils are fertile as the weathering of volcanic rock releases potassium into the soil, which is essential for growth e.g. Naples has olives, vines, nuts and fruit growing near Mount Vesuvius
  • Magma contains a large amount of minerals, such as copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc. After an eruption, magma coola and can be mined e.g. Yanacocha gold mine in Peru.

GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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