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GCSE Geography > 🌋 Physical: Volcanoes and Earthquakes > Flashcards

🌋 Physical: Volcanoes and Earthquakes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

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2
Q

Name the 3 different types of plate margins.

A

Destructive, constructive and conservative

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3
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary and what type of tectonic hazards may be created here?

A

Two plates converging together and the oceanic plate being subducted as it is denser. Earthquakes and volcanoes.

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4
Q

What is a constructive plate boundary and what type of tectonic hazards may be created here?

A

Rising magma adds new material to plates that are moving apart. Earthquakes and volcanoes.

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5
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary and what type of tectonic hazards may be created here?

A

Two tectonic plates sliding next to each other. Only earthquakes.

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6
Q

What is an immediate response?

A

The reactions of people as a disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

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7
Q

What is a long-term response?

A

Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after an event.

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8
Q

What is monitoring?

A

Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors to help forecast where and when a natural hazard might strike.

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9
Q

What is planning?

A

Actions taken to enable communities to respond to and recover from natural disasters through measures such as emergency evacuation.

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10
Q

What is prediction?

A

Attempts to forecast where and when a natural hazard will strike based on current knowledge.

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11
Q

What is protection?

A

Actions taken before a natural hazard strikes to reduce its impact.

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12
Q

What are primary effects?

A

The initial impacts of a natural event on people and property caused directly by it.

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13
Q

What are secondary effects?

A

The after effects that occur, sometimes on a larger timescale.

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14
Q

How do convection currents work?

A
  • The hot core causes magma to rise in the mantle and sink towards the core when it cools.
  • Convection builds pressure and carries plates with it.
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15
Q

How does slab pull work?

A
  • The denser plate sinks back into the mantle under the influence of gravity.
  • It pulls the rest of the plate along behind it.
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16
Q

How does ridge push work?

A
  • Magma rises as the plates move apart.
  • The magma cools to form new plate material.
  • As it cools it becomes denser and slides down away from the ridge.
  • This causes tectonic plates to move away from each other.
17
Q

Why do earthquakes occur at a destructive plate margin?

A

The plates stick and there is a build up of pressure which is suddenly released.

18
Q

How are volcanoes formed at destructive plate margins?

A

The oceanic plate boundary gets subducted and then melted in the mantle which then rises as hot magma and forms a volcano. The build up of pressure is the released as an eruption.

19
Q

What is the type of plate boundary found on Eyjafjallajökull and what are the names of the two plates?

A

Constructive. Eurasian and North American.

20
Q

Describe the location of Eyjafjallajökull?

A

Southern Iceland, 2km from the coast. West of Katla and South of Hekla. SE of Reykjavik 160km.

21
Q

What were the main primary effects of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010?

A
  • 150m of thick ice sheet melts
  • Ash cloud reaches 6,000 - 10,000m and spreads in wind direction
  • Thousands of tonnes of ash + steam plumes from melted ice forcing the ash higher
  • Flash flooding
  • Ash covers property and affects cattle
22
Q

What were the main secondary effects of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010?

A
  • 15th April 2010, all flights cancelled in and out of the UK because ash clogs fuel and cooling systems.
  • 95,000 flights cancelled + by 17th & 18th flights were down to 5,000 per day rather than 25,000
  • Hotel occupancy in London down 25%
  • Shops ran out of flowers fruit and veg
23
Q

What were the main immediate responses of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010?

A
  • 20 farming families were evacuated
  • Farm animals were moved into barns
  • Trenches dug to allow floodwater to pass away without washing away bridges
24
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point of origin of an earthquake within the earths crust.

25
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the earths surface that is directly above the the focus of the earthquake. This is where the seismic waves are the greatest.

26
Q

When was the earthquake of L’Aquila, Italy and what was the magnitude?

A

6th April 2009. 6.3 on the Richter scale.

27
Q

What was the cause of the earthquake in L’Aquila in 2009?

A

Collision plate boundary - 2 continental plates meeting

28
Q

What were the main primary effects of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • 308 people killed, 1500 injured and 67,500 made homeless.
  • 10,000 - 15,000 buildings collapsed
  • San Salvatore hospital had to evacuate patients
  • $11,438m in damages
29
Q

What were the main secondary effects of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • Aftershocks triggered landslides
  • Mudflow caused by burst main water supply
  • Number of students at university had decreased
  • House prices and rent increased
  • Reduced income from tourists
30
Q

What were the main immediate responses of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • Hotels provided 10,000 people shelter
  • 40,000 tents provided by the government
  • Italian red cross searched for people (36 ambulances)
  • British red cross raised £171,000
  • Mortgages and bills suspended
  • Italian post office offered free mobile phone calls
  • EU granted $552.9m for re-building
31
Q

What were the main long-term responses of the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila?

A
  • Torch lit procession
  • No taxes for residents in 2010
  • Free transport for students and discounts on educational equipment
  • No university fees for 3 years
  • Estimated 15 years to rebuild
32
Q

When was the earthquake of Gorkha, Nepal and what was the magnitude?

A

25th April 2015. 7.8 magnitude on Richter scale.

33
Q

What was the cause of the earthquake in Gorkha in 2015?

A

Collision plate boundaries - 2 continental plates meeting

34
Q

What were the main primary effects of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • 8,841 dead 16,800 injured and 1 million made homeless
  • Historic buildings destroyed e.g. dharahara tower
  • 26 hospitals destroyed and 50% of schools
35
Q

What were the main secondary effects of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • Avalanche on mount Everest + 19 died at base camp
  • Tourism will shrink from the 8.9% of GDP to 7.9% in 2019 affecting 1.1m people
  • Rice seed stored in homes was ruined leading to food shortage and income loss
36
Q

What were the immediate responses of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • The UK’s DEC raised $126m by September 2015
  • Temporary shelters were put into place
  • Red cross supplied 225,000 tents
  • UN and WHO distributed medical supplies
37
Q

What were the long-term responses of the 2015 earthquake in Gorkha?

A
  • Plans to rebuild 23 areas were made
  • 8 months later $274m of aid had been spent
  • By June, Durbar square was cleaned up and re-opened
  • By August, mount Everest was re-opened and trails re-routed
  • FAO started a recovery phase of 6 months to expand crop growing

GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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