Human: Nigeria Flashcards
What is gross domestic product (GDP)?
The total amount of goods and services produced by a country in one year divided by its total population.
What is migration?
The movement of people from one permanent home to another, with the intention of staying at least a year.
What are transnational corporations (TNCs)?
Initial investment and jobs lead to a knock on effect. This knock on effect creates more jobs and money which are then reinvested.
What is industrial structure?
The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy.
What is development?
The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.
What is the development gap?
The difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries.
What is gross national income (GNI)?
A measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the total (gross) national income by the size of the population.
What is the human development index (HDI)?
A method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy are combined to give an overview using social and economic indicators.
What is quality of life?
The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life
How can we classify parts of the world according to their level of economic development and quality of life?
- Economic: income, job security
- Physical: diet, health, climate
- Social: family, friends, education
- Psychological: happiness, freedom
What are ways we measure development?
- Rate of disease
- Literacy rate
- People per doctor
- Life expectancy
- Access to safe water
- GNI
- HDI
- Infant mortality
- Birth and death rates
What are the limitations of GNI in terms of an economic development measure?
- The measure only takes into account the singular factor of income
- The measure is an average, so a few wealthy people could distort the figures
- Data about income is sensitive so people may not want to be honest about their earnings
- People working in the informal sector may not want to be taken into account
What are the limitations of birth rate in terms of a social development measure?
- Some countries may have low birth rates but are actually poor
- Birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development
What are the limitations of death rate in terms of a social development measure?
- Death rate is a less reliable measure of development to the birth rate
- Birth rates can be high in some LICs due to poverty but also high in HICs where many people are dying of old age
What are the limitations of infant mortality in terms of a social development measure?
- In the poorest countries, not all the deaths are reported, especially in remote areas, so the true value may be higher
What are the limitations of life expectancy in terms of a social development measure?
- Data is not always reliable, especially in LICs
- It can be misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infant mortality may live longer than expected
What are the limitations of literacy rates in terms of a social development measure?
- Can be hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring
- War zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy
What are the limitations of % access to safe water in terms of a social development measure?
- Data collection in LICs is not likely to be accurate and so official figures may underestimate the problem
- People may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe
What is colonialization?
The act of taking control of a land or people by a foreign power, and exploiting them for economic gain.
What factors have caused uneven development?
- Food prices
- Disease and lack of healthcare
- Politics
- Landlocked
- Corruption
- Colonisation
- Climate and natural hazards
How have historical factors caused uneven development?
- Many LICs were colonised by powerful trading nations like the UK, France and Spain
- Much of Africa, South America and Asia were exploited for their raw materials and over 10 million people were exported as slaves
- It was during this era that global development became uneven, although most of these countries have become independent, they may have been affected by power struggles and civil wars, the legacy of hundreds of years of exploitation
What is an example of a historical cause of uneven development?
- Haiti is 169th on HDI and Dominican republic is 89th
- Haiti was colonised by France
- Dom Rep was colonised by Spain
- Spain set up government respectable local leaders
- Whereas France killed all natives, brought in slaves + treated them badly and farmed on land until it was barren
- Haitian slaves won independence, but are in debt with France
- Rest of the world isolated them and wouldn’t trade, meanwhile DR thrived
What are some physical causes of uneven development and how do they cause it?
- Landlock: Countries are cut off from seaborne trade important to economic growth
